Antioxidant activity test on ambonese banana stem sap (Musa parasidiaca var. sapientum)

Background: Polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) release oxygen free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) during inflammation. As a result, ROS level is higher than antioxidant level in our body during oxidative stress leading to prolong inflammation or continuous tissue damage. Indonesia, on the other hand, is a country with various herbal medicines. For instance, ambonese banana (Musa parasidiaca var. sapientum) is often used as herbal medicine. Ambonese banana, moreover, has flavonoid, polyphenol, tannin, and saponin as antioxidants to reduce free radicals by transferring their hydrogen atom. Medicine used to reduce the impact of free radicals is known as antioxidant. Antioxidant is proved to accelerate wound healing. Purpose: This research aims to analyze the effects of the antioxidant activity of Ambonese banana stem sap extract. Method: Antioxidant activities in this research were examined with 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hidrazyl (DPPH) method by reacting with stable radical compounds. Spectrophotometry with a wavelength of 517 nm was used to measure absorption results shown in purple. The absorption results then were calculated by IC50 reduction activity. Result: There were significant differences of Ambonese banana stem sap antioxidant activity (p50%). Conclusion: Ambonese banana stem sap extract has antioxidant activities

Sucrose, Lactose, and Xylitol Exposures Affect Biofilm Formation of Streptococcus mutans

Objective: To determine the level of biofilm formation of S. mutans after being exposed to 5% sucrose, 8% lactose, or 1% xylitol. Material and Methods: This research was a laboratory-based experimental study with post-test only control group design. S. mutans was grown in test tubes containing tryptose soy broth (TSB) medium supplemented with 1% glucose. They were incubated at 37° C for 24 hours to grow the biofilms. The culture was then exposed to 5% sucrose, 8% lactose or 1% xylitol, incubated for 24 hours at 37° C, and examined using ELISA at a wavelength of 625 nm. The statistical analysis was performed using a one-way analysis of variance followed by the least significant difference test (α=0.05). Results: There were some differences in the biofilm formation of S. mutans after exposure to 5% sucrose, 8% lactose, or 1% xylitol (p<0.05). An LSD test indicated significant differences among the biofilm formations after exposure to 5% sucrose and 8% lactose and between 5% sucrose and 1% xylitol. In comparison, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) between 8% lactose and 1% xylitol. Conclusion: Sucrose, lactose and xylitol can form biofilms and the formation of lactose biofilms is the same as xylitol

Paparan zat besi pada ekspresi protein spesifik extracellular polymeric substance biofilm Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans

Background: The study of biofilms bacteria could be an alternative of preventive treatment in reducing prevalence of aggressive periodontitis in the community, because biofilm protects the bacteria from environmental conditions, including the attack of immune system and antimicrobial. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a major cause of bacterial aggressive periodontitis. Purpose: This study aims to examine the iron exposure to specific protein expression of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans biofilm. Methods: Protein containing EPS biofilm was isolated from cultures of A.actinomycetemcomitans. The protein was processed through several procedures: electrophoresis , electroelution , immunization of rabbits , serum isolation , and purification of antibodies. After the Western blotting procedure the antibody was used. Protein containing EPS biofilms exposed to iron, then once again isolated from cultures of A. actinomycetemcomitans. The electrophoresis and Western blotting were done on the isolated protein. Results: The result showed that the the expression of specific proteins in EPS biofilm decreased in response to iron exposure. Conclusions: Iron exposure could influenced the specific protein expression in EPS biofilm of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans

Compressive strength and porosity tests on bovine hydroxyapatitegelatin-chitosan scaffolds

Background: Degenerative diseases, aggressive Periodontitis, trauma, jaw resection, and congenital abnormalities can cause defects in jaw bone. The surgical procedure for bone reconstruction currently performed is bone regeneration graft (BRG). Unfortunately, this procedure still has many disadvantages. Thus, tissue engineering approach is necessary to be conducted. The main component used in this tissue engineering is scaffolds. Scaffolds used in bone regeneration is expected to have appropriate characteristics with bone, such as high porosity and swelling ratio, low degradation rates, and good mechanical properties. For those reasons, this research used scaffolds made from bovine hydroxyapatite (BHA), gelatin (GEL), and chitosan (K)/BHA-GEL-K as one of biomaterial candidates for bone regeneration. Purpose: This study aimed to determine compressive strength value and porosity size of BHA-GEL-K scaffolds. Method: Compressive strength of BHA-GEL-K scaffolds was tested using autograph with speed 10 mm/ min with a load cell compress machine of 100 kN. Compressive strength was calculated by force divided to surface area. Porosity test was measured using SEM. Scaffold were coated with Pb and Au, then the porosity size is calculated with SEM at 100x magnification. Result: BHA-GEL-K scaffolds had a mean compressive strength value of 174.29 kPa and a porosity size of 31.62 + 147.06 lm. Conclusion: It can be concluded that BHA-GEL-K scaffolds has a good compressive strength, but not yet resemble real bone mass, while porosity of BHA-GEL-K scaffold is appropriate for bone tissue regeneration application

Wild Type p53 Protein level and Micronuclei Number formed as a Biomarker Occupational Exposure of Metal in Dental Technicians in Surabaya

Exposure of occupational metals (Co,Ni and Cr) lead to the formation of ROS, and cause damage to DNA. ROS also cause G-T transversion mutation of p53 gene, and lead to low expression of the wild type p53. Wild type p53 plays an important role in regulating genes in cell cycle, cell growth, and DNA repair. If DNA repair is hampered there will be chromosomal damage, thereby effecting the formation of micronuclei. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of PPE, on wild type p53 and the level of micronuclei in dental technicians. This study was observational analytic with cross sectional approach. 40 samples were taken by random sampling. Data retrieved through interviews and observations. Wild type p53 from saliva was analized with indirect ELISA and micronuclei was examined by bucal swab, then analised by HPA and stained by HE. Data was analised by Pearson correlation test. Significant value is p <0.05.There was a significant correlation between the use of PPE with wild type p53 and micronuclei level (r 0.436 and r -0,337). The study proved that the use PPE properly is positively correlated with the wild p53 and p53 correlated with micronuclei in dental technicians

Detection of Candida albicans biofilm proteins induced by glucose, lactose, soy protein, and iron

Background: Oral candidiasis is one of the most common fungal infections, which attack the mucosa of the oral cavity. These lesions are mostly caused by the fungal species Candida albicans. Candida albicans is included in the normal oral microorganisms that are opportunistic pathogens, and its presence is quite large, which can reach 75% of the total oral fungal population. Research on specific proteins of Candida biofilm can be an alternative to early prevention of oral infections such as Oral Candidiasis. This biofilm protein can be used as a reference in making kits to detect the presence of microbes that cause infectious diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine molecular weight of Candida albicans biofilm protein induced by 5% glucose, 5% lactose, soy protein, and 5% iron. Material and Methods: This experimental laboratory study used SDS-PAGE electrophoresis to determine the molecular weight of Candida albicans biofilm proteins induced by glucose 5%, lactose 5%, soy protein, and iron 5%. Results: Biofilm induced by 5% glucose shows four protein bands: 71,6 kDa; 56,1 kDa; 49,7 kDa; and 41 kDa. Biofilm induced by 5% lactose shows seven protein bands: 71 kDa; 61,2 kDa; 57,7 kDa; 55,3 kDa; 48,9 kDa; 39,5 kDa; and 29,8 kDa. Biofilm induced by soy protein shows one protein band: 49,4 kDa. Biofilm induced by 5% iron shows one protein band: 51,1 kDa Conclusions: Candida albicans biofilm induced by 5% glucose has four protein band candidates, 5% lactose has seven candidates of protein band, and soy protein and 5% iron each has a candidate of protein band, which can be used as a target for the detection of oral Candidiasis

Sensitivity test of monoclonal antibodies Streptococcus mutans 1(c) 67 kDa

Background: Based on SKRT 2004, dental caries prevalence rate in Indonesia reached 90,05%. Local passive immunization with monoclonal antibodies is a new alternative in caries prevention. Monoclonal antibodies S.mutans are specific antibodies against epitope antigen S.mutans 67 kDa protein. Antibody and antigen bonding will inactivate epitope antigen so that the attachment of S.mutans can be inhibited and the number of colonies decreased. Monoclonal antibodies used in this research is a monoclonal antibody S.mutans 1 serotype (c) 67 kDa subclass IgA, IgG1 and IgG3 that have been made in Pusvetma, Surabaya. Purpose: The aim of this research is to determine whether monoclonal antibodies sensitivity against epitope antigen S.mutans derived from stock culture and ATCC MT8148 serotype c. Method: The sensitivity test of monoclonal antibodies S.mutans used immunodiffusion technique Ouchterlony (IDT) and single radial immunodiffusion technique (RID). The measurement sensitivity of monoclonal antibodies when there is a line or ring precipitation in agarose plate by IDT and RID technique. Result: There was no line or ring precipitation in IDT and RID test. This condition may be caused by several things that can damage protein molecule of monoclonal antibodies, one of the storage method is less precise. Conclusion: Monoclonal antibodies S.mutans 1 serotype (c) 67 kDa subclass IgA, IgG1 and IgG3 have no possess the power of sensitivity in identifying epitope antigen of S.mutans

Ambonese banana stem sap (Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum) effect on PDGF-BB expressions and fibroblast proliferation in socket wound healing

TGF-β1 and PDGF-BB are potent chemotaxis, mitogen and diffentiation mesenchym cells active in wound healing. Ambonese banana stem sap has been commonly used historically for gastric bleeding, ulcus pepticum and pharyngitis as empirical agents.The aim of this study is to prove PDGF-BBexpression and fibroblast proliferation effect of ambonese banana stem sap (Musa paradiaca var sapientum) on socket wound healing post tooth extraction. The contains of banana stem sap was performed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and ultra-violet visible (UV-vis). We have used the post-test only control-group design with 54 male rats.Incisor and mandible teeth were extracted, and then the socket was treated water extract of ambonese banana stem sap 15, 30 and 60 mg dose in 4% hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC).The socket were observed at 2, 7 and 14 days on immunohistochemistry (IHC) and histology data. Result of this study that the water extract contains saponnins, flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinon and lectin at screening test. The data showed significant difference of PDGF-BB expressions and fibroblast proliferation at p=0,00 and p=0,00 on days 2 and 7after tooth extraction.The conclusion wasthe water extract of ambonese banana stem sap have potential to accelerate socket wound healing post tooth extraction on PDGF-BB expression and fibroblast proliferation

Absorbance thickness in the formation of biofilm produced by Candida albicans due to glucose, lactose, protein (soy) and iron induction

Candida albicans (C. albicans) is a major cause of Candidiasis in the oral cavity. Carbohydrates and protein are required by the fungI to grow when it is infecting the soft tissues of the oral cavity. Whereas in Candidiasis therapy, reducing the carbohydrate diet and increasing intake of iron and vitamins must be done to inhibit the growth of C. albicans in the soft tissue of the oral cavity. The aim of this study to determine the thickness of absorbance in the formation of biofilm from C. albicans induced by various materials such as Glucose, Lactose, Protein (Soy) and Iron. The experimental study grow C. albicans on Saboraud Dextrose Agar with 4 types of treatment as follow group A, the C. albicans is induced by 5% Glucose, group B is induced by 5% lactose, group C is induced by soy protein and group D is induced by Iron (5% FeCl2). Whereas group E is the growth control of C. albicans without any induction. Each treatment was replicated with 6 times, then stained with Crystal Violet. A microplate assay was used to carry out tests. The average of Optical Density (OD) is read with a wavelength of 492 each group as follow A = 0.197; B = 0.279; C = 0.297; D = 0.177 and E = 0.053. C. albicans biofilm induced by protein and lactose materials had much thicker OD than induced by glucose and iron. The conclusion of this study that the thickness of absorbance in the formation of C. albicans biofilms is influenced by the demand of the growth factors of C. albicans

Antimicrobial proteins of Snail mucus (Achatina fulica) against Streptococcus mutans and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans

Background: Achasin and mytimacin-AF are proteins of snail mucus (Achatina fulica) which have antimicrobial activity. Snail mucus is suspected to have other proteins which have antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans the oral pathologic bacteria. Purpose: The study were aimed to characterize the proteins of snail mucus (Achatina fulica) that have antimicrobial activities to Streptococcus mutans and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, and to compared the antimicrobial effect of achasin and mytimacin-AF. Methods: The sample of study was the mucus of snails which were taken from Yogyakarta Province. The isolation and characterization of protein were conducted by using SDS-PAGE method, electro-elution, and dialysis. Nano drop test was conducted to determine protein concentration. The sensitivity test was conducted by using dilution test, and followed by spectrophotometry and paper disc diffusion tests. Results: The study showed that proteins successfully characterized from snail mucus (Achatina fulica) were proteins with molecular weights of 83.67 kDa (achasin), 50.81 kDa, 15 kDa, 11.45 kDa (full amino acid sequence of mytimacin-AF) and 9.7 kDa (mytimacin-AF). Based on the dilution test, Achasin had better antimicrobial activities against Streptococcus mutans, while mytimacin-AF had better antimicrobial activities against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. But the paper disc diffusion test result showed that Achasin had antimicrobial activities against Streptococcus mutans and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, while mytimacin-AF had no antimicrobial activities. Conclusion: The proteins with molecular weights of 50.81 kDa, 15 kDa, 11.45 kDa were considered as new antimicrobial proteins isolated from snail mucus. Achasin, had better antimicrobial activities against Streptococcus mutans, while mytimacin-AF had better antimicrobial activities against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans