KRIMINALITET MALOLETNIKA-STANJE U SVETU I U SRBIJI

Socially unacceptable behavior of young people has changed, over time, both in the forms of manifestations and in terms of causes and conditions which may lead it. Juvenile crime is negative, dynamic social phenomenon which represents the activity of one or more persons in a given period of time and space, conditioned by certain social relations and recognized by the legislation, whose disregard for and violation of the products and adequate criminal penalties. The study of the causes of juvenile delinquency includes two major, interrelated areas, which can be divided into objective (socio-economic) and subjective factors. Objective factors related to the study of the social conditions of criminal behavior of juveniles and the formation of personality under the influence of these conditions. Subjective factors include psychological characteristics of the personality of the minor, specific for intelligence, temperament, Socially unacceptable behavior of young people has changed, over time, both in the forms of manifestations and in terms of causes and conditions which may lead it. Juvenile crime is negative, dynamic social phenomenon which represents the activity of one or more persons in a given period of time and space, conditioned by certain social relations and recognized by the legislation, whose disregard for and violation of the products and adequate criminal penalties. The study of the causes of juvenile delinquency includes two major, interrelated areas, which can be divided into objective (socio-economic) and subjective factors. Objective factors related to the study of the social conditions of criminal behavior of juveniles and the formation of personality under the influence of these conditions. Subjective factors include psychological characteristics of the personality of the minor, specific for intelligence, temperament,  character, emotions, motives, attitudes, habits, preferences, primarily due to the specifc characteristics of puberty and adolescence as an important phase in the development of personality. The World Health Organizationestimates that annually around the world, young people aged 10 to 29 commit about 200,000 homicides, representing 43% of the total number of murders that are committed in the world each year. Only this indicates a serious social problem in the control and prevention of juvenile crime at the global level.Društveno neprihvatljivo ponašanje mladih, kroz vreme menjalo se kako u oblicima ispoljavanja tako i u pogledu uzroka i uslova koji ga izazivaju. Maloletnički kriminalitet je negativna, dinamična društvena pojava koja predstavlja aktivnost jednog ili više lica u određenom period i prostoru, uslovljenu određenim društvenim odnosima i inkriminisanu zakonskim propisima, čije nepoštovanje i kršenje povlači i adekvatne krivične sankcije. Izučavanje uzroka maloletničke delinkvencije obuhvata dva glavna, međusobno povezana područja, koji se mogu podeliti na objektivne (socijalno-ekonomske) i subjektivne faktore. Objektivni faktori se odnose na izučavanje socijalnih uslova kriminalnog ponašanja maloletnika i formiranje ličnosti pod uticajem tih uslova. Subjektivni faktori obuhvataju psihološke karakteristike ličnosti maloletnika, specifčne po inteligenciji, temperamentu, karakteru, emocijama, motivima, stavovima, navikama, sklonostima, pre svega, zbog posebnih obeležja puberteta i adolescencije kao značajnih faza u razvoju ličnosti. Svetska zdravstvena organizacija procenjuje da godišnje u celom svetu, mladi uzrasta od 10 do 29 godina počine oko 200.000 ubistava, što predstavlja 43% od ukupnog broja ubistava koja se počine na svetu svake godine. Samo ovaj podatak ukazuje na ozbiljan problem društva u kontroli i prevenciji maloletničkog kriminaliteta na globalnom nivou

Postinstitucionalni tretman osuđenika

Post-institutional treatment as the last stage in the process of reintegration of convicts, in our practice has been long neglected, primarily because of the underdeveloped system of post-institutional assistance. That situation compromised the modest results of custodial treatment. This is best evidenced by the high rate of recidivism, which in our institutions within the ranges of 60-70%. In recent years Serbia has made a major breakthrough in this area by adopting a series of laws and of particular importance is the establishment of a Commissioners' Service. The general objectives of Commissioners' services in addition to protection of the community, and efficient implementation of alternative sanctions, and are reducing recidivism rates by successful reintegration, as well as the involvement of local communities in the process of implementing alternative sanctions and post institutional accept convicts. The aim of this paper is to analyze the current situation and providing examples of good practice, show the possibility of improving the process of reintegration of prisoners.Postinstitucionalni prihvat kao poslednja faza u procesu reintegracije osuđenika, dugo je u našoj praksi bio zanemaren, pre svega zbog nerazvijenog sistema postinstitucionalne pomoći. Takva situacija kompromitovala je i ovako skromne rezultate zavodskog tretmana. O tome najbolje svedoči visoka stopa recidivizma, koja se u našim zavodima kreće u okvirima 60-70%. U skorije vreme u Srbiji je načinjen značajan pomak na ovom planu donošenjem niza zakona, a od posebnog značaja je uspostavljanje povereničke službe. Opšti ciljevi povereničke službe pored zaštite društvene zajednice i efiksanog sprovođenja alternativnih sankcija, jesu i smanjenje stope recidivizma kroz uspešnu reintegraciju, kao i uključivanje lokalne zajednice u proces sprovođenja alternativnih sankcija i postinstitucionalnog prihvata osuđenika. Cilj ovog rada je da analizom aktuelnog stanja i davanjem primera dobre prakse, ukaže na mogućnosti unapređenja procesa reintegracije osuđenih lica

Educational needs and education treatment of convicted

U zatvorima Srbije se nalazi znatan broj osuđenih koji nisu stekli osnovno ili srednjoškolsko obrazovanje. Autori su posvetili pažnju identifikaciji edukativnih potreba osuđenih i tretmanskim aktivnostima usmerenih na zadovoljenje tih potreba. Istraživanje je obavljeno je u Kazneno-popravnom zavodu Sremska Mitrovica na uzorku od 120 ispitanika sa edukativnim potrebama. Obrazovne potrebe su posmatrane kao potrebe za obrazovanjem na nivou osnovnoškolskog obrazovanja; sticanje stručnih kvalifikacija; naknadni završetak srednješkolskog obrazovanja, odnosno kroz potrebu prekvalifikacije. Istovremeno su analizirane i pojedine sociodemografske, kriminološke i penološke karakteristike osuđenih, kao što su starost, vrsta krivičnog dela i dužina izrečene kazne, adaptacija na zatvorski tretman i promene u ponašanju. Efektivnost obrazovnih procesa tokom izvršenja zatvorske kazne sagledavana je kroz promene u skoru rizika recidivizma i manifestovanom ponašanju tokom izvršenja zatvorske kazne. Vršene su komparacije osuđenih sa obrazovnim potrebama s obzirom na činjenicu ne/uključenosti u edukativni proces. Rezultati su pokazali poboljšanja na adaptivnom nivou, smanjenje skora rizika i pozitivno vrednovanje nastalih promena od strane uprave zatvora kod osuđenih uključenih u edukativni proces.In prisons, there is a large number of prisoners who have not a basic-primary or secondary education. The authors of this paper paid attention to the identification of training needs of prisoners and treatment activities aimed at satisfying those needs. The study was carried out in Penitentiary Sremska Mitrovica on a sample of 120 prisoners with educational needs. Educational needs are taken as the need for education at the level of primary education; acquisition of professional qualifications; subsequent completion of secondary education, or the need for retraining. Simultaneously are analyzed and individual socio-demographic, criminological and penological characteristics of the convicts, such as age, type of criminal offense and the length of sentences, adaptation to prison treatment and behavior changes. The effectiveness of the educational process during the execution of the prison sentence was perceived through changes in score of risk for recidivism and manifested behavior during the execution of a prison sentence. Were carried out comparisons with convicted educational needs with respect the fact of their no /involvement in the educational process. The results showed improvement in the adaptive level, reducing the risk score and positive valuation changes arising from the management of the prison for those convicted who are involved in the educational process

Disciplinsko kažnjavanje osuđenih

Life convicts in a prison facility are fully normatively regulated, as the general regulations, and internal documents of the institution. Compliance with the order, rules of conduct and maintaining security is one of the primary goals of each prison establishment. Violation of prescribed rules of conduct constituting a disciplinary offense for which it is imposed statutory disciplinary measures. The authors of this paper attention directed precisely towards the analysis of disciplinary offenses, but also the type of disciplinary measures, comparing the data from the three institutions of different types / treatment.Život osuđenika u zatvorskoj ustanovi u potpunosti je normativno regulisan, kako opštim zakonskim propisima, tako i internim aktima ustanove. Poštovanje reda, pravila ponašanja i održavanje bezbjednosti jedan su od primarnih ciljeva svake zatvorske ustanove. Kršenje propisanih pravila ponašanja predstavlja disciplinski prestup za koji se izriče zakonom propisana disciplinska mjera. Autori u ovom radu pažnju usmjeravaju upravo ka analizi disciplinskih prestupa, vrsti ali i izrečenim disciplinskim mjerama, komparirajući podatke iz tri ustanove različitog tipa/tretmana

Educational needs and education treatment of convicted

U zatvorima Srbije se nalazi znatan broj osuđenih koji nisu stekli osnovno ili srednjoškolsko obrazovanje. Autori su posvetili pažnju identifikaciji edukativnih potreba osuđenih i tretmanskim aktivnostima usmerenih na zadovoljenje tih potreba. Istraživanje je obavljeno je u Kazneno-popravnom zavodu Sremska Mitrovica na uzorku od 120 ispitanika sa edukativnim potrebama. Obrazovne potrebe su posmatrane kao potrebe za obrazovanjem na nivou osnovnoškolskog obrazovanja; sticanje stručnih kvalifikacija; naknadni završetak srednješkolskog obrazovanja, odnosno kroz potrebu prekvalifikacije. Istovremeno su analizirane i pojedine sociodemografske, kriminološke i penološke karakteristike osuđenih, kao što su starost, vrsta krivičnog dela i dužina izrečene kazne, adaptacija na zatvorski tretman i promene u ponašanju. Efektivnost obrazovnih procesa tokom izvršenja zatvorske kazne sagledavana je kroz promene u skoru rizika recidivizma i manifestovanom ponašanju tokom izvršenja zatvorske kazne. Vršene su komparacije osuđenih sa obrazovnim potrebama s obzirom na činjenicu ne/uključenosti u edukativni proces. Rezultati su pokazali poboljšanja na adaptivnom nivou, smanjenje skora rizika i pozitivno vrednovanje nastalih promena od strane uprave zatvora kod osuđenih uključenih u edukativni proces.In prisons, there is a large number of prisoners who have not a basic-primary or secondary education. The authors of this paper paid attention to the identification of training needs of prisoners and treatment activities aimed at satisfying those needs. The study was carried out in Penitentiary Sremska Mitrovica on a sample of 120 prisoners with educational needs. Educational needs are taken as the need for education at the level of primary education; acquisition of professional qualifications; subsequent completion of secondary education, or the need for retraining. Simultaneously are analyzed and individual socio-demographic, criminological and penological characteristics of the convicts, such as age, type of criminal offense and the length of sentences, adaptation to prison treatment and behavior changes. The effectiveness of the educational process during the execution of the prison sentence was perceived through changes in score of risk for recidivism and manifested behavior during the execution of a prison sentence. Were carried out comparisons with convicted educational needs with respect the fact of their no /involvement in the educational process. The results showed improvement in the adaptive level, reducing the risk score and positive valuation changes arising from the management of the prison for those convicted who are involved in the educational process

Approaches and methods in the quality of prison life assessing - measuring social and moral climate in prisons

One of the most important topics in contemporary criminology refers to the functioning of penitentiary systems. Special emphasis is on the role of environment and the impact that environmental factors have on the behaviour of convicts and successfulness of their social reintegration, as the imprisonment purpose. Within this framework, one possible approach involves exploring the concepts of both the quality of prison life and social and moral climate in prisons with the introduction of standard methods for assessing or measuring them. Concept of the quality of prison life, as a multidimensional construct, and the effect of social and moral climate on the overall and future behaviour of prisoners are discussed in this study Definitions and operationalizations are presented, followed by the presentation of Measuring the Quality of Prison Life survey as a valid tool for understanding the contemporary experience of imprisonment. The systematization of knowledge on the about the interdependence of these concepts was conducted through a review of available literature. This study might encourage the initiation of further exploration of the dynamics of prison life in Serbia. That way, by promoting an expanded and systematical research focus on the quality of prison life, it would be possible to improve both prisoner treatment and superintendence

Mortalitet osoba lišenih slobode u penalnom sistemu

The main aim of this research is to determine the scope, dynamics, and structure of deaths of persons deprived of their liberty who resided in the penal system due to custody, security measures, serving a prison sentence or an alternative sanction, with regard to their demographic, criminological, penal, and psychological characteristics. Article 111, paragraph b of the United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty (1990) determines that deprivation of liberty refers to any kind of detention, imprisonment, i.e. placement in a public or private institution which the imprisoned person cannot leave, by order of judicial, administrative or other public authority. The data used included information on persons deprived of their liberty who died in the territory of the Republic of Serbia in the period from 2008 to 2012. The data was obtained from The Directorate for Execution of Criminal Sanctions of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Serbia. In the past, researches mainly focused on violence in prisons, death penalty, prison riots, auto-aggressive behavior, i.e. certain forms of mortality such as a suicide. This paper aims to point out the characteristics of deaths which occur while persons deprived of their liberty are under the authority of judicial institutions, both before and after passing a criminal sanction.Osnovni cilj istraživanja je sagledavanje obima, dinamike i strukture smrtnih slučajeva koji su nastali tokom lišenja slobode osoba koje su boravile u penalnom sistemu usledpritvora, mera bezbednosti, izvršenja zatvorske ili alternativne sankcije, a u zavisnosti od njihovih demografskih osobina, kriminološko-penoloških i psiholoških karakteristika. Pravila Ujedinjenih nacija o zaštiti maloletnika lišenih slobode (1990) u članu 111, stav b, određuju da se lišenje slobode odnosi na bilo koju vrstu pritvaranja, zatvaranja odnosno smeštanja lica u javnu ili privatnu ustanovu koju zatvoreno lice ne može slobodno da napusti, po nalogu sudske, upravne ili druge javne vlasti. Korišćene su informacije o licima lišenim slobode koja su preminula na teritoriji Republike Srbije u periodu od 2008. do 2012. godine. Podaci su dobijeni od strane Uprave za izvršenje krivičnih sankcija Ministarstva pravde Republike Srbije. Uproteklom periodu interesovanje istraživača je bilo usmereno uglavnom naproučavanje nasilja u zatvorima, izvršenje smrtne kazne, pobune osuđenih, autoagresivno ponašanje odnosno na pojedine oblike mortaliteta kao što je samoubistvo. Ovaj rad nastoji da ukaže na karakteristike mortaliteta koji nastaje dok su za lica lišena slobode nadležne pravosudne institucije, bilo da je reč o periodu pre ili nakon izricanja krivične sankcije

Roditeljstvo i eksternalizovani problemi adolescenata - rezultati faktorske analize

Background/Aim. Modern conceptualising of parenting in relation to manifesting adolescence externalising problems is based on parent-child two-way communication, mutual trust and parental involvement. A lot of research reports prove independent contribution of parental variables on expressing externalising problems in middle and late adolescence while data about their mutual relationship are missing. The aim of this study was to determine the relationships of parental variables and variables of externalising problems in a common space. Methods. The study included 507 students, both boys and girls, of Belgrade secondary schools, aged from fifteen to eighteen. Parental monitoring was studied using the Parental Monitoring Scale, affective attachment to parents by the Inventory of Parents and Peers Attachment, parenting practices using the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire and externalising problems by the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment, Youth Self-Report. Results. Factor analysis indicated the existence of 4 factors (components) which together accounted for 65.5% of variance. The first factor (positive parenting and affective attachment to mother) accounted for 38.1%, the second (externalising problems and negative parenting) accounted for 11.26%, the third (affective attachment to father) accounted for 8.93% and the fourth (negative discipline and inadequate affective attachment to mother) accounted for 7.22% of variance. The most important discovery arised from matrix correlation was a negative correlation of the second component with the first (-0.539) and the third (-0.481) one. Conclusion. A positive relationship between parents and adolescents except for a positive parenting practices of parents characterize all the subscales of parental monitoring except for the parental control. Compared to fathers, mothers are generally more involved in life of adolescents and have better mutual relationship with them, but in relation to externalising problems the affective attachment to fathers proved to be very significant even independently of their parenting role.Uvod/Cilj. Moderna konceptualizacija roditeljstva u vezi sa ispoljavanjem eksternalizovanih problema u adolescenciji bazirana je na dvosmernoj komunikaciji roditelj-dete, međusobnom poverenju i uključenosti roditelja. Obilje istraživačkih nalaza upućuje na dokaze o nezavisnom doprinosu roditeljskih varijabli na ispoljavanje eksternalizovanih problema u srednjoj i kasnoj adolescenciji, dok nedostaju podaci i njihovom međusobnom odnosu. Cilj rada bio je da se ispita odnos roditeljskih varijabli i varijabli eksternalizovanih problema u zajedničkom prostoru. Metode. Ispitivanjem je obuhvaćeno 507 učenika beogradskih srednjih škola uzrasta od petnaest do osamnaest godina, oba pola. Roditeljski nadzor je ispitivan putem Skale roditeljskog nadzora, afektivna vezanost za roditelje putem Inventara afektivne vezanosti za roditelje, vaspitni postupci roditelja putem Alabama upitnika o roditeljstvu, a eksternalizovani problemi putem Ahenbahovog sistema empirijski bazirane procene. Rezultati. Faktori analiza upućuje na postojanje 4 faktora (komponente) koji zajedno objašnjavaju 65,5% varijanse. Prvi faktor (pozitivno roditeljstvo i afektivna vezanost za majku) učestvuje u 38,1%, drugi (eksternalizovani problemi i negativno roditeljstvo) u 11,26%, treći (afektivna vezanost za oca) u 8,93% i četvrti (negativno disciplinovanje i neadekvatno afektivno vezivanje za majku) u 7,22% varijanse. Najznačajniji nalaz proistekao iz matrice korelacije predstavlja negativno korelisanje druge sa prvom (-0,539) i trećom (0,481) komponentom. Zaključak. Pozitivan odnos između roditelja i adolescenata, osim pozitivnih vaspitnih postupaka roditelja, opredeljuju i sve podskale roditeljskog nadzora, sem roditeljske kontrole. Majke su, u odnosu na očeve, generalno uključenje u život adolescenata i ostvaruju bolje odnose sa njima, ali se, u odnosu prema eksternalizovanim problemima, afektivna vezanost za očeve pokazala veoma značajnom i to nezavisno od njihove vaspitne uloge