Macbeth the messenger between Shakespeare and Kadare

Shakespeare’s figure in this research paper is loomed as tangential, since his world wide dimension has already entered in the records of the world literature together with Homer, Aeschylus, Dante, Cervantes up to other later writers such as Marques and Eco. Fortunately for us, this list also includes our writer Ismail Kadare. A lot of contemporary world’s scholars and critics, when writing about Kadare (surely the merits for being the first to write about him belong to the French writer Alen Boske), drew the parallel between Kadare and other writers such as Aeschylus, Shakespeare, Gogol, Kafka, and Orwell. His correlations with these colossi present a versatile interest, but we are going to focus especially on the intersections with Shakespeare, respectively with his work. The first embryo of the intersection is undoubtedly Macbeth, one of Shakespeare’s masterpieces, which Kadare had read in his early childhood

The Role of Pre-Existing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Colorectal Cancer Stage and Survival in Elderly Americans: A Seer-Medicare Population-Based Study 2002-~2011

Diabetes is a common comorbid condition among colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, yet its effects in CRC outcomes, particularly stage at diagnosis, risk of death and variations by diabetes severity (complications vs no complications) and Hispanic ethnicity have not been adequately studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between pre-existing T2DM and advanced stage at diagnosis in elderly patients with CRC; to examine whether diabetes is an independent predictor of poor survival from all-cause and CRC-specific mortality; to assess whether variations exist by diabetes severity and to analyze the outcomes for the Hispanic group. The Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)-Medicare linked datasets were used to extract data on Medicare beneficiaries 67 years and older residing in the SEER areas who were diagnosed with CRC between 2002 and 2011. These datasets provided clinical, demographic, administrative claims and enrollment information for the Medicare population under study. Pre-existing T2DM was ascertained from the Medicare inpatient and outpatient claims using validated algorithms. The association of advanced stage at diagnosis with CRC was compared between pre-diabetic and non-diabetic patients using logistic regression. All-cause and CRC cause-specific death risk differences were compared using Cox proportional hazards model and hazard ratios were compared in relation to prior T2DM diagnosis and diabetes severity status. All models were adjusted for relevant factors including demographic characteristics such as age, sex, marital status, race/ethnicity and census poverty level. Clinical factors adjusted for included comorbidity score, grade, histology, stage at diagnosis, year of diagnosis and cancer registry. The analyses included 93,710 CRC patients. Among the study population, 22,155 (24%) had diabetes prior to CRC diagnosis and, of these, 17% had diabetes-related complications (neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy or peripheral circulatory disorders). Diabetic patients were more likely to be older, male, non-White, lived in medium to high poverty level areas, had at least one or more comorbidities, and had tumors in the proximal colon. From the regression models, diabetes was not significantly associated with CRC advanced stage at diagnosis (odds ratio (OR) = 0.986; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.953-1.02 for diabetes without complications and OR = 0.963; 95% CI = 0.897-1.034 for diabetes with complications). Similar results were observed for Hispanic patients. Overall mortality was significantly higher among diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic patients (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.198; 95% CI = 1.169-1.228). The results were more pronounced for diabetes with complications (HR = 1.467; 95% CI = 1.339-1.538). Patients who had diabetes with complications were 16% more likely to die of colorectal cancer compared to patients without diabetes in the fully adjust model (HR = 1.162; 95% CI = 1.083-1.247). Among Hispanics, diabetes was an independent predictor of poor survival from all-cause mortality but not CRC specific of death. This study used population-based data and the findings indicate that pre-existing diabetes contributes to poorer overall survival in patients with colorectal cancer and increased mortality from CRC in diabetes with complications. Because these diseases are more prevalent among the elderly, this group is more likely to have both diseases at the same time and more clinicians will need to develop care plans that are interdisciplinary and take into consideration the added burden of diabetes among CRC patients

International Security in a World of Fragile States

Following the 9/11 attacks on New York and Washington, DC, there has been an increasing interest among scholars, students, and the interested public to study and learn about the Islamist-oriented terrorist organizations called Jihadi Salafi Groups (JSGs). Considering that these organizations emerged in highly fragile states, S. Yaqub Ibrahimi asks: how and why is state fragility linked to the emergence of JSGs? Ibrahimi bases his study on three events: the establishment of al-Qaeda in Afghanistan in 1998, the rise of Islamic State in the post-Saddam Hussein Iraq, and the failed al-Qaeda effort to establish a base in Saudi Arabia in 2003. These case studies contain major aspects and features of the rise of JSGs and, together, explain the contribution of state fragility to the process of the formation and expansion of these terrorist organizations. International Security in a World of Fragile States stands out as a pivotal work on the interconnection between the root causes of JSGs and state fragility conditions and their amalgamated role in the formation and evolution of these organizations. It contributes to IR and international security debates by developing a comprehensive but readily understandable narrative of the rise of JSGs in Islamic countries, and examining them in an analytical framework in which their root causes are categorized on individual, group, and international levels

Intellectual property

Montenue, a distinct French scholar of intellectual property, has suggested that IP is a “tool which surprisingly helps a lot”, and this definition on science, arts, culture, since the 16th century. Now, what would be the definition of intellectual property for the 21st century? Apparently not a “strange” tool, but a necessary tool, primary for enriching human knowledge, and for the new world order, especially in the global market sphere.Intellectual property is an integral part of international trade, and its importance keeps increasing, since effective use of knowledge is increasingly influencing the economic prosperity of peoples. One may say that there is little originality in the creative sphere. Naturally, this originality can only be reflected by individuality and human identity in intellectual creativityThe author rights in the Kosovo legislation is a novelty, a necessity of developing a creative environment in the fields of science, arts and industrial property. First and foremost, the individual benefit, which is secured by the author as the creator of the work, is a moral and material right. Secondly, there is a need for harmonization, not only of values for the creator, but also for the development of science, culture, increased competitive advantage, and the public sphere, as a benefit for the public health and security, and the fiscal policy. The deficiency one must record is with the Office for Copy Rights, which is to play a strong role in implementing and protecting copy rights and other related rights by licensing collective management agencies, imposing administrative fines, awareness raising, provision of information, and other capacity building and educative measures. Naturally, the enactment of good legislation is a system without any meaning or sense if not associated with the court practice. Any establishment of a legal system not pursued with enforcement mechanisms remains only in legal frameworks

Ernährung bei Tumorkachexie in der Palliative Care : Praxisrelevantes Wissen für Pflegefachpersonen im Umgang mit Menschen, die von Tumorkachexie betroffen sind

Einführung: In der Palliativ Care sind die Patienten und Patientinnen mit Tumorerkrankungen eine der grössten Patientengruppe. 50-80 Prozent der Tumorerkrankten leiden an einer Kachexie. Die Auswirkungen der Kachexie können zu einer tieferen Lebensqualität führen. Die Ernährung wird, unter anderem, durch den veränderten Metabolismus erschwert. Fragestellung: Welches Fachwissen benötigen Pflegepersonen, um erwachsene tumorkachektische Patienten und Patientinnen sowie ihre Angehörigen in der Palliativ Care in Bezug auf die Ernährung zu betreuen und beraten? Methode: Es wurde in drei Datenbanken recherchiert. Die Recherche wurde durch eine Suche mittels Schneeballsystem ergänzt. Zusätzlich wurde auf evidenzbasierten Pflegewebsites eine Recherche durchgeführt. Anhand der Recherche konnten sechs Artikel eingeschlossen werden. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse werden in emotionale Aspekte und Ernährungsansätze und -interventionen eingeteilt. Bei den emotionalen Aspekten geht hervor, dass die Situation für alle Beteiligten sehr belastend ist. Es gibt unterschiedliche Ernährungsansätze und Interventionsempfehlungen. Viele der Empfehlungen beruhen auf Expertenmeinungen. Schlussfolgerung: Die Tumorkachexie muss mit Patienten und Patientinnen und ihren Angehörigen frühzeitig thematisiert werden. Ziele sollen realistisch gesetzt und allen Beteiligten kommuniziert werden. Pflegefachpersonen müssen sich sicher fühlen, um tumorkachektische Patienten und Patientinnen kompetent betreuen und beraten zu können