The Effect of Soy Flour on Cookie Quality

Cookies are a popular confectionery product with a unique texture and taste, long shelf life and a relatively cheap price; therefore, it is a widespread snack among people of all generations. Nevertheless, cookies are usually made of wheat flour and most formulations are highly caloric and have a low fiber content. Soy flour is an excellent source of proteins, fibers, vitamins and minerals and it is being considered as a great supplement to wheat flour because it increases nutritive characteristics of the final product. By their digestibility and amino acid content, soy proteins are very similar to proteins derived from animals. They also contain many essential amino acids, which are deficient in most of the cereals. The purpose of this work was to determine the effect of soy flour on quality of cookies. Wheat flour was supplemented with 35% of soy flour (full-fat toasted, low-fat toasted, defatted lightly toasted, toasted and soy protein concentrate). The supplementation of wheat flour with soy flour had affected nutritive value and sensory characteristics of cookies

Simulation study of random sequential adsorption of mixtures on a triangular lattice

Random sequential adsorption of binary mixtures of extended objects on a two-dimensional triangular lattice is studied numerically by means of Monte Carlo simulations. The depositing objects are formed by self-avoiding random walks on the lattice. We concentrate here on the influence of the symmetry properties of the shapes on the kinetics of the deposition processes in two-component mixtures. Approach to the jamming limit in the case of mixtures is found to be exponential, of the form: $\theta(t) \sim \theta_{jam}-\Delta\theta \exp (-t/\sigma),$ and the values of the parameter $\sigma$ are determined by the order of symmetry of the less symmetric object in the mixture. Depending on the local geometry of the objects making the mixture, jamming coverage of a mixture can be either greater than both single-component jamming coverages or it can be in between these values. Results of the simulations for various fractional concentrations of the objects in the mixture are also presented.Comment: 11 figures, 2 table

Statistical analysis of the basic chemical composition of whole grain flour of different cereal grains

Abstract. Samples of whole grain flour of five cereals (wheat, rye, barley, oats and buckwheat) were analysed for ash, starch, fat, cellulose and protein content. Coefficient of variation shows that within the same sample of whole grain flour variation of starch, protein, fat and ash content is relatively small, rarely exceeding 3%. The variability of the cellulose content is relatively high. The significance of the difference between chemical compositions of two independent samples of the same whole grain flour has been tested by Student's t-test. With the exception of protein content, the difference between two samples of buckwheat whole grain flou

The Effects of Microbial Polysaccharides on the Copper Accumulation in Daphnia magna

Copper is one of the leading metal pollutants in the water, which can cause adverse effects when present in high concentrations. The Daphnia magna is a model organism usually used for the determination of ecotoxicological effects of various compounds since it is highly sensitive to toxic compounds [1]. The aim of this work was to investigate the potential application of microbial extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), levan and pullulan, as agents for reducing the copper toxicity to D. magna. The protective effects of EPS were estimated based on the accumulation of copper in the D. magna cells. Levan is a branched fructane EPS [2] and the one used in this study was produced by Bacillus licheniformis NS032. Pullulan, a linear glucan EPS [3], was produced by Aureobasidium pullulans CH-1. The D. magna were exposed to 50 µg/dm3 of Cu (II) or a combination with 50 mg/dm3 and 100 mg/dm3 of levan or pullulan for 48h in the acute test. Additionally, the prolonged test was performed, where the daphnia were exposed to a 10 µg/dm3 of Cu (II) with or without 50 mg/ dm3 of levan or pullulan for 5 days. After the exposure period, the samples were digested and the accumulation of copper in D. magna was analysed using the iCAP Qc ICP-MS (Thermo Scientific, United Kingdom). The results showed that animals exposed to Cu (II) only, accumulated Cu (II) in a greater amount after the prolonged test compared to the acute one, despite the lower concentration. The treatment with EPS during the acute test increased the copper accumulation for both EPS concentrations tested, whereas during the prolonged exposure test, the Cu (II) accumulation was inhibited. Considering that protective effects of levan and pullulan were observed only with lower copper concentrations and 5 days of exposure, additional experiments are necessary to determine the mechanism of EPS action in order to confirm their possible use as protective agents

Measles situation in Serbia in an era of measles elimination (2007-2009)

Following the introduction of measles immunization in Serbia in 1971, measles outbreaks were recorded every 3 to 5 years until 1997. The outbreak in 1997 with 4000 cases was the last large outbreak in Serbia. In 2007, an outbreak with 191 laboratory confirmed or epidemiologically linked cases was reported in Vojvodina. In 2008 and 2009, only 3 cases were confirmed. From 2007-2009, measles infections were most frequently detected in the Roma population but also in non-immunized or partially immunized persons from the general population

Fractional kinetic model for granular compaction

We present an approach to granular compaction based on subordination of stochastic processes. In order to imitate, in a very simplified way, the compaction dynamics of granular material under tapping, we impose that particles switch stochastically between the two possible orientational states characterizing the average volumes of the grain in the presence of other grains. The main physical idea of our approach is that the interaction of grains with their environment is taken into account with the aid of the temporal subordination. Accordingly, we assume that the time intervals between the consecutive grain’s reorientations are governed by a certain waiting-time distribution ψ(t). It is demonstrated how the presence of the trapping events leads to the macroscopic observation of slow compaction dynamics, described by an exact fractional kinetic equation. We also perform numerical simulations to examine our analytical result. In addition, we reproduce the memory effects numerically by considering the response of the system to the abrupt change in the external excitation

From environmental burden to valuable resource- a fungal reduction of phytotoxicity of grape pomace waste

The main objective of this paper was to analyze the transformation of grape pomace by a fungal strain isolated from leaf-litter and assess if it can be a successful pretreatment method for the grape pomace waste

Functionalized biogenic hydroxyapatite with 5-aminosalicylic acid - Sorbent for efficient separation of Pb2+ and Cu2+ ions

The biogenic hydroxyapatite (BHAP), obtained by proper treatment of bovine bones, was functionalized with 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA). The coordination of 5-ASA to the surface of BHAP leads to the charge transfer (CT) complex formation accompanied with absorption in visible spectral range. The sorption ability of surface-modified BHAP with 5-ASA (5-ASA/BHAP) for removal of Pb2+ and Cu2+ ions from single- and bi-component solutions was compared with unmodified BHAP. The thorough characterization of both sorbents, BHAP and 5-ASA/BHAP, was performed including X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, as well as diffuse reflection spectroscopy. Sorption kinetics and equilibriums for both ions (Pb2+ and Cu2+) by as-prepared BHAP and 5-ASA/BHAP are quite different. Functionalized sorbent demonstrated faster sorption kinetic and higher maximum sorption capacity for Pb2+ ions from bi-component solutions. From equimolar Pb2+ and Cu2+ mixture with a total concentration of 10-2 mol/L, 66% of Pb2+ was recovered using BHAP, while 97% using 5-ASA/BHAP. These preliminary data indicate potential applicability of properly functionalized hydroxyapatite for selective removal of heavy metal ions from contaminated water.The peer-reviewed version: [http://cer.ihtm.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/3015