1,539 research outputs found

    Evidence and information for national injection safety policies

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    The adverse consequences of poor injection practices have been reported for a few decades. However, key elements of evidence and information were lacking to allow decision-makers to formulate policies for the safe and appropriate use of injections. We conducted studies to (1) estimate the frequency of injection use and of poor injection practices, (2) estimate the consequences of poor injection practices in terms of death and disability, (3) formulate best infection control practices for intradermal, subcutaneous and intramuscular injections, (4) quantify the effectiveness of interventions to reduce unnecessary and unsafe use of injections and (5) estimate the cost-effectiveness of national policies for the safe and appropriate use of injections. WHO's Global Burden of Disease project defined 14 regions based on geography and mortality patterns. The analysis excluded four regions (predominantly affluent, developed nations) where reuse of injection equipment in the absence of sterilization was assumed to be negligible. To estimate the frequency of poor injection practices in the year 2000, data sources included published studies and unpublished WHO reports. Studies were reviewed using a standardized decision-making algorithm based upon the quality of the data to generate region-specific estimates of the annual number of injections per person and of the proportion of injections reused in the absence of sterilization. To estimate the consequences of unsafe injections in the year 2000 in terms of death and disability for 2000-2030 as part of the 2000 update of WHO’s Global Burden of Disease study, we modelled the fraction of new injection-associated HBV, HCV and HIV infections on the basis of the annual number of injections, the proportion of injections administered with reused equipment, the probability of transmission following percutaneous exposure, the prevalence of active infection, the prevalence of immunity and the total incidence. Infections in 2000 were converted into disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2000-2030 using natural history parameters, background mortality, duration of disease, disability weights, age weights and a 3% discount rate. A guideline development group summarized evidence-based best practices to prevent injectionassociated infections in resource-limited settings. The development process included (1) a breakdown of the WHO reference injection safety definition into a list of potentially critical steps, (2) a review of the literature for each of these potentially critical steps, (3) the formulation of best practices and (4) the submission of the draft document to peer review. To estimate the effectiveness of interventions to reduce the unnecessary and unsafe use of injections, we searched electronic databases. In addition, we reviewed WHO reports and unpublished assessments made available to WHO. We selected studies that contained quantitative and qualitative information on the effect of interventions and that provided information on study design, type of interventions, targeted participants and targeted behaviours. To estimate the cost-effectiveness of national policies for the safe and appropriate use of injections, the consequences in 2000-2030 of a "do nothing" scenario for the year 2000 (as modelled for the Global Burden of Disease study) were compared to a set of counterfactual scenarios incorporating the health gains of effective interventions. Resources needed to implement effective interventions were costed for each sub-region and expressed in international dollars (I).FourregionsintheGlobalBurdenofDiseasestudywherereuseofinjectionequipmentintheabsenceofsterilizationwasnegligiblewereexcludedfromtheanalysis.Inthe10otherregions,theannualratioofinjectionsperpersonwas3.4(Range:1.7−11.3)foratotalof16.7thousandmillioninjectionsreceived.Ofthese,39.3equipmentreusedintheabsenceofsterilization.ReusewashighestintheSouthEastAsiaregion“D”(sevencountries,mostlylocatedinSouthAsia),theEasternMediterraneanregion“D”(ninecountries,mostlylocatedintheMiddleEastcrescent)andtheWesternPacificregion“B”(22countries)whichtogetheraccountedfor88.4year2000withequipmentreusedintheabsenceofsterilization.In2000,contaminatedinjectionscausedanestimated21millionHBVinfections,twomillionHCVinfectionsand260000HIVinfections,accountingfor329177679DALYsbetween2000and2030.Eliminatingunnecessaryinjectionsisthehighestprioritytopreventinjection−associatedinfections.However,whenintradermal,subcutaneousorintramuscularinjectionsaremedicallyindicated,bestinfectioncontrolpracticesinclude(1)theuseofsterileinjectionequipment,(2)thepreventionofcontaminationofinjectionequipmentandmedication,(3)thepreventionofneedle−stickinjuriestotheproviderand(4)thepreventionofaccesstousedneedles.Weidentifiedtwenty−onearticles,abstracts,unpublishedreportsandassessmentscontaininginformationontheeffectivenessofinterventionsaimingatreducinginjectionuse(n=19)andatdecreasingtheunsafeuseofinjections(n=5).Studiesshowedareductionininjectionuserangingfrom1ofinjectionequipmentintheabsenceofsterilizationreportedanabsolutedecreaseof30intheinterventiongroups(relativedecrease:40−1002000forthesafe(provisionofsingleusesyringes,assumedeffectiveness:95use(patients−providersinteractionalgroupdiscussions,assumedeffectiveness:30couldreducetheburdenofinjection−associatedinfectionsbyasmuchas96.5DALYs)foranaverageyearlycostofI). Four regions in the Global Burden of Disease study where reuse of injection equipment in the absence of sterilization was negligible were excluded from the analysis. In the 10 other regions, the annual ratio of injections per person was 3.4 (Range: 1.7 - 11.3) for a total of 16.7 thousand million injections received. Of these, 39.3% (Range: 1.2% - 75.0%) were administered with equipment reused in the absence of sterilization. Reuse was highest in the South East Asia region “D” (seven countries, mostly located in South Asia), the Eastern Mediterranean region “D” (nine countries, mostly located in the Middle East crescent) and the Western Pacific region “B” (22 countries) which together accounted for 88.4% of the 6.5 thousand million injections given in the year 2000 with equipment reused in the absence of sterilization. In 2000, contaminated injections caused an estimated 21 million HBV infections, two million HCV infections and 260 000 HIV infections, accounting for 32%, 40% and 5% respectively of new infections for a burden of 9 177 679 DALYs between 2000 and 2030. Eliminating unnecessary injections is the highest priority to prevent injection-associated infections. However, when intradermal, subcutaneous or intramuscular injections are medically indicated, best infection control practices include (1) the use of sterile injection equipment, (2) the prevention of contamination of injection equipment and medication, (3) the prevention of needle-stick injuries to the provider and (4) the prevention of access to used needles. We identified twenty-one articles, abstracts, unpublished reports and assessments containing information on the effectiveness of interventions aiming at reducing injection use (n=19) and at decreasing the unsafe use of injections (n=5). Studies showed a reduction in injection use ranging from 1% to 53% (gain over control groups: 3%-27%). Interventions aiming at reducing the reuse of injection equipment in the absence of sterilization reported an absolute decrease of 30%-82% in the intervention groups (relative decrease: 40-100%). Interventions implemented in the year 2000 for the safe (provision of single use syringes, assumed effectiveness: 95%) and appropriate use (patients-providers interactional group discussions, assumed effectiveness: 30%) of injections could reduce the burden of injection-associated infections by as much as 96.5% (8.86 million DALYs) for an average yearly cost of I million 905 (average cost-effectiveness per DALY averted: I$102, range by region: 14-2 293). In 2000, in developing and transitional countries, 16 thousand million injections were administered for a ratio of 3.4 injections per person. More than a third of all these injections were administered with injection equipment reused in the absence of sterilization, accounting for a substantial burden of infection with bloodborne pathogens. Best infection control practices could make injections safer for the recipient, the health care workers and the community, all the more as effective interventions are available to reduce injection use and to achieve a safe use of injections. These interventions can also be considered very cost-effective on the basis of a cost per DALY averted that is below one year of average per capita income. Remaining areas of uncertainty include (1) the formulation of routine methods to describe injection use and to quantify needs of injection equipment, (2) the description of unsafe practices in greater detail to prevent all opportunities of transmission, (3) the need to generate better estimates of the proportion of HIV infections that may be attributed to unsafe health care injections, (4) the identification of the role of engineered technologies in policies to achieve injection safety, (5) the recovery of experience in the scaling-up of successful interventions and (6) the assessment of the cost-effectiveness of scaled-up national interventions

    Le stylo, le panneau, l'ordinateur et les clés : Introduction d'un outil informationnel, formation et circulation du discours

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    numéro coordonné par Marie-Anne Paveau et Fred Dervin, intitulé "Quelle place pour les objets dans les sciences du langage et les sciences de la communication?International audienceThe language in the working situations is only " rarely independent from a technical universe, made by machines, by equipment, by objects. " (Boutet and Gardin on 2001: 97). So, the introduction of a new technological tool often generates disruptions effecting work organisation at different levels: use of the objects of the everyday life (daily paper), the formation and the traffic of the discourses, the construction of the professional identities ... It brings about a temporal zone of adaptation of the material, human and discursive resources to this new tool. Facing this type of upheaval, the question of discourse status, cognition and social interactions arises then especially since these are worsened. This contribution focuses on the French discourse analysis and is also inspired by research done by the multidisciplinary network 'Language and Work'. It offers to observ the interrelations between objects and talk in the case of the introduction of a new informatics timetable management tool (ADE CAMPUS) within a UIT department (UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY). It has generated an adjustment of the practices, the language production of different natures on the part of actors directly or indirectly affected by this tool and new modalities of daily speech and information circulation. We observe in particular the incidences of the introduction of this tool on the creation, the management and the sharing of the information, on the human resources, on the spatial organization and the manipulation of objects. We are also interested in the consequences of this introduction on the postures adopted by the actors of the system and on the daily reports of places.Le langage dans les situations de travail n'est que " rarement indépendant d'un univers technique, fait de machines, d'outillage, d'objets. " (Boutet et Gardin 2001 : 97). Ainsi, l'introduction d'un nouvel outil technologique engendre souvent un bouleversement qui affecte l'organisation du travail à différents niveaux interdépendants : utilisation des objets du quotidien, formation et circulation des discours, construction des identités professionnelles... Elle génÚre une zone temporelle d'adaptation des ressources matérielles, humaines et discursives à ce nouvel outil. Face à ce type de bouleversement, la question du statut du discours, de la cognition et des rapports sociaux se pose alors d'autant plus que ceux-ci sont mis à mal. Cette contribution prend pour cadre l'analyse du discours et s'inspire également des travaux menés par le réseau pluridisciplinaire Langage et Travail. Elle se propose d'observer les interrelations entre objets et discours dans le cas de l'introduction d'un outil informatique de gestion des emplois du temps (ADE Campus) au sein d'un département en IUT (Institut Universitaire et Technologique). Celui-ci a généré un ajustement des pratiques, des productions langagiÚres de différentes natures de la part des acteurs directement ou indirectement concernés et de nouvelles modalités de circulation du discours et de l'information au quotidien. On observe notamment les incidences de l'introduction de cet outil sur la création, la gestion et le partage de l'information, sur les ressources humaines, sur l'organisation spatiale et la manipulation des objets. On s'intéresse également aux conséquences de cette introduction sur les postures adoptées par les acteurs du systÚme et sur les relations quotidiennes entretenues en termes de rapport de places

    Compte-rendu de lecture de l'ouvrage de Ruth Amossy: "La présentation de soi. Ethos et identité verbale" 2010, Presses Universitaires de France, 235 pages.

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    Compte-rendu de lectureCe document rend compte de l'ouvrage de Ruth Amossy paru en 2010

    La lettre commerciale de Vente Par Correspondance: relation-Client et négociation des valeurs

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    REVUE EN LIGNE. rĂ©fĂ©rence Ă©lectronique de l'article: SĂ©verine Equoy Hutin , " La lettre commerciale de vente par correspondance : Relation-Client et nĂ©gociation des valeurs ", Argumentation et Analyse du Discours , 5 | 2010 , [En ligne], mis en ligne le 20 octobre 2010. URL : http://aad.revues.org/index993.html.International audienceThe Commercial Letter in Mail-Order Selling. Customer Relationship and the Negotiation of Values The commercial letter as a communication tool implies two objects the company has in view: to stimulate the customer to order goods and to establish a long-term relationship with him. In "relational marketing" the negotiation of values is a central issue. Actually, each of the particular commercial moves is embedded in a global strategy likely to foster customer loyalty. The goal consists in creating and maintaining with every customer a close and long-lasting relationship that goes without saying. My analysis is based on a corpus of documents the company La Redoute sent to a female customer from 2007 to 2009. I investigate the modalities the commercial letter uses to stage a negotiation of values likely to serve the transactional purpose underlying the commercial discourse.La lettre commerciale, en tant qu'outil de communication, recouvre une finalitĂ© double pour l'entreprise : susciter chez le client l'acte de commande et asseoir la " Relation-Client " sur le long terme. La question des valeurs et de leur nĂ©gociation est au cƓur du " marketing relationnel ". En effet, toute dĂ©marche commerciale ponctuelle s'inscrit dans une stratĂ©gie globale de fidĂ©lisation qui vise Ă  crĂ©er et Ă  entretenir une relation de proximitĂ© naturelle et durable avec chacun(e) de ses client(e)s. Cette Ă©tude en Analyse du Discours se fonde sur un corpus de documents adressĂ©s par La Redoute Ă  une de ses clientes de 2007 Ă  2009. Elle observe les modalitĂ©s par lesquelles la lettre commerciale met en scĂšne une nĂ©gociation des valeurs au service des dimensions transactionnelles et relationnelles du discours commercial

    " Les écrits vers le travail : témoignages d'une réalité sociale française ? "

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    International audienceLes " Ă©crits vers le travail " appartiennent Ă  la catĂ©gorie des Ă©crits " que nos sociĂ©tĂ©s demandent, exigent, suscitent " (Fabre, 1993 : 26). Cette contribution se fonde sur l'observation d'un corpus de courriers authentiques adressĂ©s par des citoyens Ă  des Institutions ou entreprises françaises et entend instituer ces documents en tĂ©moignages indirects mais non moins pertinents d'une " rĂ©alitĂ© reprĂ©sentĂ©e " de la sociĂ©tĂ© française. Qu'ils s'agissent de lettres de clients, d'allocataires d'aides sociales ou d'usager du service public, ces " Ă©crits vers le travail " (Equoy-Hutin, 2003, 2006) rĂ©pondent chacun Ă  un projet argumentatif (Amossy, 2000) affirmĂ© de la part du citoyen-scripteur. Les dispositifs argumentatifs dĂ©ployĂ©s dĂ©tiennent, rĂ©vĂšlent et construisent des dimensions qui participent de la construction progressive de reprĂ©sentations de la sociĂ©tĂ© contemporaine. A travers des documents produits dans l'espace privĂ©, explicitement adressĂ©s, et qui s'insĂšrent dans des situations souvent conflictuelles (Windisch, 1987), le citoyen prend part Ă  la sociĂ©tĂ© et esquisse un portrait souvent pĂ©joratif de celle-ci telle qu'il la vit dans son quotidien. Cette communication en Analyse de discours (Maingueneau, 1991, 1995, 2005) ambitionne d'extraire de ces courriers spontanĂ©s et des comportements sociolangagiers qui s'y rĂ©vĂšlent, le paradigme des reprĂ©sentations sociales, culturelles, idĂ©ologiques et doxiques (Amossy, 2000) qui les animent sur ce second plan de lecture. AprĂšs un repĂ©rage thĂ©orique en analyse argumentative du discours et une dĂ©finition spĂ©cifiĂ©e des Ă©crits vers le travail, cette contribution dresse un panorama non exhaustif de quelques lieux d'Ă©criture de la sociĂ©tĂ© dans ce genre de discours. Enfin, c'est l'hypothĂšse globalisante selon laquelle ces documents peuvent ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ©s comme des tĂ©moignages indirects mais non moins pertinents d'une rĂ©alitĂ© schĂ©matisĂ©e de la sociĂ©tĂ© qui est rĂ©examinĂ©e en conclusion

    La Relation Client : Quand l'Analyse du Discours rencontre le Marketing

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    ConfĂ©rence dispensĂ©e lors du CongrĂšs National de la Recherche en IUT, Ă  l'UniversitĂ© d' AngersLa prĂ©sente contribution propose de s'intĂ©resser Ă  la Relation Client sous l'angle d'une rencontre entre le marketing et l'analyse du discours. Bien souvent, les formations proposĂ©es dans les DĂ©partements Information Communication en IUT adoptent une approche stratĂ©gique de la Relation-Client fondĂ©e sur les thĂ©ories du Marketing. On se propose de montrer que l'analyse du discours peut apporter un regard complĂ©mentaire sur cette problĂ©matique. Cette discipline-carrefour issue des sciences du langage propose en effet d'apprĂ©hender " le discours comme intrication d'un texte et d'un lieu social " (Maingueneau 2002) et revendique une ouverture sur des disciplines connexes. En prenant appui sur des recherches menĂ©es depuis 2000 sur la lettre de rĂ©clamation-client et la lettre commerciale, cette contribution souhaite orienter la rĂ©flexion sur la complĂ©mentaritĂ© des approches autour d'un mĂȘme objet et sur les bĂ©nĂ©fices potentiels de ce croisement disciplinaire dans l'entreprise

    Caractéristiques et fonctions du récit radiophonique d'affaire judiciaire : " Café Crime "

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    Communication prĂ©sentĂ©e Ă  l'occasion du Colloque "Radio et narration: rĂ©enchantement?, organisĂ© par le GRER (Groupe de Recherches et d'Etudes sur la Radio), l'Observatoire du rĂ©cit mĂ©diatique et le PĂŽle de Recherche sur la communication et les mĂ©dias, les 19 et 20 novembre 2010 Ă  l'UniversitĂ© de Louvain. (Les actes n'ont Ă  ce jour pas fait l'objet de publications)" CafĂ© Crime " est une Ă©mission radiophonique en direct prĂ©sentĂ©e par Jacques Pradel et diffusĂ©e quotidiennement jusqu'en juille 2011 sur la station radio Europe 1. D'une durĂ©e d'1H30, elle analyse et raconte les grands faits divers judiciaires que la France a connus. Emission radiophonique française exclusivement consacrĂ©e aux faits divers, cette Ă©mission se structure systĂ©matiquement en 2 temps : la premiĂšre partie est consacrĂ©e au rĂ©cit de l'affaire qui fait l'objet de l'Ă©mission du jour et la seconde est dĂ©diĂ©e Ă  la partie " magazine " de l'Ă©mission et Ă  un dialogue avec l'/les invitĂ©/s (avocat, enquĂȘteur, juge, protagonistes...) qui vient/viennent commenter l'affaire ou Ă©largir le dĂ©bat. Le rĂ©cit introductif qui inaugure l'Ă©mission est lu par l'animateur et dure approximativement 30 minutes. L'objectif de cette analyse du discours est d'analyser le fonctionnement narratif rĂ©current de ce rĂ©cit et d'en extraire les diffĂ©rentes fonctions (fonction dĂ©ictique, Ă©piphanique, hermĂ©neutique, communicationnelle...) en tenant compte du contexte, des contraintes du medium (fonds sonores, scansions publicitaires, ton...) et de l'hyperstructure de l'Ă©mission. On s'interroge notamment sur la nature des rapports de places construits par le rĂ©cit, les stratĂ©gies rĂ©currentes (enregistrements d'Ă©poque, discours rapportĂ©, apartĂ©s, pause...) qui permettent d'inclure l'auditeur et de l'instituer en enquĂȘteur et en tĂ©moin du fait divers racontĂ©

    Lettres d'aujourd'hui: lire les Ă©crits vers le travail

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    International audienceCette contribution se propose d'observer le genre épistolaire tel qu'il se pratique aujourd'hui par les citoyens français dans le cadre d'une communication institutionnelle et d'examiner les modalités de l'appropriation des normes épistolaires (Adam, 1998, 2005), les potentialités signifiantes offertes par le genre dans la perspective de la constitution d'un positionnement en rapport à la norme requise et de la construction de l'identité du citoyen français au quotidien. Qu'il s'agisse de lettres de clients ou d'allocataires d'aides sociales, ces « écrits vers le travail » (Equoy-Hutin, 2003, 2006), en tant qu'il s'inscrivent dans un projet argumentatif (Amossy, 2000) affirmé de la part du citoyen scripteur, détiennent, révÚlent et construisent des dimensions qui dépassent ce projet initial et participent de l'inscription et la participation du citoyen à la société contemporaine. Cette communication en Analyse de discours (Maingueneau, 1991, 1995, 2005) ambitionne d'extraire de ces courriers spontanés et des comportements sociolangagiers qui s'y révÚlent, les dimensions sociales, historiques, culturelles, idéologiques et doxiques (Amossy) qui les animent sur ce second plan de lecture (représentation de soi, du service public, de l'autorité institutionnelle, ...). En d'autres termes, cette observation d'écritures ordinaires (Fabre, 1991, 1997) permet en outre de montrer que, loin de s'opposer, « norme » et « écart » entretiennent des rapports qui ouvrent sur la richesse de ces écritures a priori exclusivement utilitaires et trop peu prises en considération

    Shale, the new oil swing producer ?

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    Only a few years ago, as the world’s supply of oil was showing evidences of peaking, it was almost certain that the world was slowly running out of its main source of energy. It was certain that the world needed to prepare for a peak oil situation, and prices were breaking records again and again. From this situation emerged a new player in the oil industry that has changed the oil market for the next decades: the US tight oil, also known as shale oil, industry. This revolution was made possible by the high prices of the years 2008-2014 as well as a favorable environment: low interest rates allowed the shale companies to finance themselves for cheap, mineral rights are guaranteed by law, and the country’s need for energy independence gave political support to this industry. From only a few thousand barrels per day in the beginning of this century, the tight oil industry grew swiftly, and produces today about 4.25 million barrels per day, which is more than Iran, the fifth biggest producing country in the world. Obviously, this new player shook up the oil industry, and reshuffled the cards in the oil market. OPEC, and particularly Saudi Arabia, the biggest crude oil producer in the world, which has been able to influence global price of oil, is losing slightly its market power. This research focus itself on the status of the swing producer, the producer that has this capacity of balancing the market of oil, preventing shortages or gluts. This “role” that has been held by Saudi Arabia since the 70’s, is now appearing to shift to the American shale producers. This study will present the actual state of the shale industry, to get a better understanding of the dynamics involved in this particular player in the oil market. Then, it will assess the characteristics of the swing producer and the characteristics of the previous swings. Finally, this research study the implications of this new situation on the oil market. New varieties of crudes are available on the market, and the trade flows of both crude and refined oil products are changing. By gathering and analyzing data and reports from the industry, specifically major factors such as prices, inventories, forward curves and trade flows, this study has come to the following conclusion: ‱ The shale industry, while having different characteristics compared to the previous swing producers, is the new price maker of the oil market. ‱ The emergence of this new player changed the rules in the oil game and forced conventional producers such as OPEC to adapt ‱ The market is entering a cycle of low prices that could last for year
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