KauNet: A Versatile and Flexible Emulation System

This is a poster on the KauNet network emulation system. As compared to other emulation system, KauNet is deterministic. The poster shows how patterns enforce determinism and how patterns can be used to emulate a satellite channel at the IP level

Using Triggers for Emulation of Opportunistic Networking

Opportunistic networks do not require the availability of an end-to-end path, but may instead take advantage of tem- porary connectivity opportunities. Opportunistic networks pose a challenge for network emulation as the traditional em- ulation setup where application/transport endpoints send/ receive packets from the network following a black box approach is no longer applicable. Instead opportunistic networking protocols and applications need to react to the dynamics of the underlying network beyond what is conveyed through the exchange of packets. In order to support emulation evaluations for such challenging applications we in this paper introduce the concept of emulation triggers that can emulate arbitrary cross-layer feedback and that are synchronized with the emulated scenario. The design and implementation of triggers in the KauNet emulator are described. The use of triggers in the context of opportunistic networking is brie y sketched

The fitting attitudes analysis of value: an explanatory challenge

This paper is concerned with the implication from value to fittingness. I shall argue that those committed to this implication face a serious explanatory challenge. This argument is not intended as a knock-down argument against FA but it will, I think, show that those who endorse the theory incur a particular explanatory burden: to explain how counterfactual (dis)favouring of actual (dis)value is possible. After making two important preliminary points (about one of the primary motivations behind the theory and what this implies, respectively) I briefly discuss an objection to FA made by Krister Bykvist a few years ago. The point of discussing this objection is to enable me to more easily present my own, and I believe stronger, version of that objection. The overall argument takes the form of, simply, a counterexample which can be constructed on the back of (an acceptance) of my two preliminary points. Throughout the paper I try to respond to various objections.A correction to this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-018-1188-2. A few errors were identified in the original publication of the article. The corrections are as follows: 1. The 'Abstract' section should read as below: According to the fitting attitudes (FA) analysis of value, value entails fittingness. In this paper, I shall argue that those committed to this implication face a serious explanatory challenge. This argument is not intended as a knock-down argument against FA but it will, I think, show that those who endorse the theory incur a particular explanatory burden: to explain how counterfactual (dis)favouring of actual (dis)value is possible. After making two important preliminary points (about one of the primary motivations behind the theory and what this implies, respectively), I briefly discuss an objection to FA made by Krister Bykvist a few years ago. The point of discussing this objection is to enable me to more easily present my own, and I believe stronger, version of that objection. The overall argument takes the form of, simply, a counterexample which can be constructed on the back of (an acceptance) of my two preliminary points. Throughout the paper, I try to respond to various objections. 2. On page 6, in the second paragraph, 'g' and 'g*' should be replaced by 'q and 'q*', respectively: Perhaps the FA theorist could respond as follows: In order to contemplate the solitary good of the happy egrets (again calling this q) we don’t need to single out any one particular (non-actual) world at which q obtains; we need only entertain the proposition that there is some world at which q obtains. Now consider some actual solitary good, q*. By hypothesis, no actual person can identify, and so no actual person can contemplate, q*. But why can’t a non-actual person do so? If contemplating g doesn’t require singling out some particular world at which q obtains, why should contemplating q* (or e, or any other actual solitary good or evil) require singling out some particular world

Estimation of wood dust content in mixed air samples from prepared samples and samples from a construction site by using low thermal plasma decomposition

En lav temperatur plasma gravimetrisk metode ble brukt for bedre bestemme trestøv i respirabelt og totalt støv prøver. Testprøver (n=37) for totalt støv ble tillaget ved å samle støv med kombinasjonene av kun tre (n=12), tre og gips (n=9), tre og kvarts (n=6) og tre, kvarts og gips (n=10) støv på PVC-fiberfiltre. Den gjennomsnittlige forskjellen mellom målt og belastet mengde med trestøv var 88-236,1 %. Filtre med tre og tre og kvarts hadde de laveste forskjellene mellom belastet og målt tre støv etter dekomponering. De største forskjellene ble observert i kombinasjonene med tre og gips og tre, gips og kvarts. Prøver for totalt støv (n=20) og respirabelt støv (n=20) ble innsamlet i løpet av to dager fra en byggeplass der rehabilitering ble utført. Lav temperatur plasma gravimetriske metoden ble benyttet på prøvene. For totalt støv ble trestøvfraksjonen estimert til å utgjøre i gjennomsnitt 19 % av det innsamlede partikulære materialet. For det respirable støvet var innholdet av trestøv i gjennomsnitt 10 %. 10 respirable støvprøver ble analysert med røntgendiffraksjon (XRD) for α-kvarts, α-kvartsen var til stede på alle filtrene og utgjorde i gjennomsnitt 4,5 % av den uorganiske massen. I den analyserte respirable støvfraksjonen ble α-kvartsen beregnet til å være mellom 0,009 – 0,032 mg/m3. XRD med Rietveld-metoden ble brukt på 10 totale støvprøver som en komplementær tilnærming for å forklare sammensetningen av den uorganiske fraksjonen. Medianandelen av mineralstøvet inneholdt kalsitt, kvarts og feltspat, disse utgjorde 92 % av den uorganiske resten. Andelen mineralstøv på individuelle filtrene varierte. Korreksjon av massetap etter dekomponering, ble α-kvarts beregnet til være 0,1 mg/m3, kalsitt 0,49 mg/m3 og feltspat 0,19 mg/m3. Resultatene fra byggeplassen indikerte at bruk av denne metoden var en bedre tilnærming, enn kun gravimetrisk bestemmelse av total og respirable konsentrasjonene etter prøvetaking. Uten metoden benyttet i dette arbeidet ville trestøveksponeringen blitt overvurdert. Videre indikerte det at trestøv ikke er den største bidragsyteren til PM på byggeplasser der rehabilitering pågår, og at uorganiske rester er den største bidragsyteren til eksponering for arbeidere.A low thermal plasma gravimetric method was used to increase accuracy when measuring wood dust in respirable and total dust. Test samples (n= 37) for total dust were prepared by collecting dust with the combinations of only wood (n=12), wood and gypsum (n=9), wood and quartz (n=6) and wood, quartz, and gypsum (n=10) dust onto PVC fibre filters. The average difference between the measured and loaded mass of wood was in the range of 88-236,1 %. Filters with wood and wood and quartz had the lowest difference between loaded and measured wood after decomposition. The largest differences were observed in the combinations wood and gypsum and wood, gypsum and quartz. Total dust (n=20) and respirable dust (n=20) was collected during two days from one construction site where rehabilitation was undertaken. The low thermal plasma gravimetric method was applied to the samples. The workplace wood dust results averaged at 19 % for total dust. For the respirable dust, the wood dust content averaged at 10%. 10 respirable dust samples were analyzed with x-ray diffraction (XRD) for α-quartz. The α-quartz were present at all the filters and accounted for an average of 4,5 % of the residue mass. In the respirable dust fraction analyzed, the α-quartz was estimated to be between 0,009 – 0,032 mg/m3. XRD with the Rietveld method was applied to 10 total dust samples as a complimentary approach to explain the composition of the remaining total dust. The median proportion of the mineral dust contained calcite, quartz, and feldspar, these accounted for 92% of the inorganic residue. The proportion of mineral dust on individual filters varied. Correction of mass loss after decomposition, the estimated content in the air was on average for α-quartz 0,1 mg/m3, for calcite at 0,49 mg/m3 and feldspar at 0,19 mg/m3. The results from the construction site indicated that the application of this method would be a better approach, than only relying on the total and respirable concentrations alone after sampling. Without the method used in this work, the wood dust exposure would have been overestimated. Furthermore, it indicated that wood dust is not the biggest contributor to particulate matter at construction sites where rehabilitation is being undertaken and that inorganic residue is the largest contributor for exposure to workers

Effect of Impurities and the Alloying Elements on the Reactions between Copper and Tin

Tässä työssä tutkittiin eräiden elektroniikkakokoonpanoissa yleisesti esiintyvien metallien vaikutusta juoteliitoksen peruselementtien, kuparin ja tinan välisiin reaktioihin. Näitä metalleja olivat nikkeli, kulta, hopea, rauta ja sinkki. Tavoitteena oli selvittää näiden seosaineiden vaikutukset yhdistekerrosten kasvuun sekä rajapinnassa esiintyvien huokosten muodostumiseen. Työssä käytiin läpi elektroniikan kokoonpanoprosessia, juoteliitokselle tyypillisiä kuormitustilanteita ja käytettyjä luotettavuustestejä kirjallisuuteen ja tieteellisiin julkaisuihin perustuen. Myös diffuusioilmiön perusteita sekä Kirkendallin efektiä tarkasteltiin mahdollisena huokosten aiheuttajana. Lisäksi tarkasteltiin aiemmissa tutkimuksissa havaittuja seosaineiden vaikutuksia juoteliitoksen luotettavuuteen ja mikrorakenteeseen. Yhdisteiden kasvun ja huokosten esiintymisen tutkimiseksi kuparia ja tinaa seostettiin edellä mainituilla metalleilla ja näistä seoksista valmistettiin erilaisia juote-substraatti -kombinaatioita. Juottamisen jälkeen näitä pareja hehkutettiin vielä kiinteässä tilassa 125-150°C:n lämpötilassa 0-2560 tuntia. Pareista tehtyjä poikkileikkausnäytteitä tutkittiin pyyhkäisyelektronimikroskoopilla. Nikkelillä oli seosaineista voimakkain vaikutus rajapintareaktioihin. Jo 0,1 atomiprosentin nikkeliosuus kuparissa riitti ohentamaan Cu3Sn-kerrosta. Seoksilla Cu1Ni ja Cu2,5Ni havaittiin puolestaan huokosia yhdistekerrosten ja kuparin rajapinnassa. Suurimmat, viiden ja kymmenen prosentin nikkelipitoisuudet aiheuttivat Cu6Sn5-kerroksen äärimmäisen nopean kasvun, mutta syrjäyttivät kokonaan Cu3Sn-kerroksen. Nikkelin liukeneminen Cu6Sn5-kerrokseen Cu5Ni- ja Cu10Ni-seosten tapauksessa teki siitä mikrorakenteeltaan hyvin epäyhtenäisen. Muiden seosaineiden vaikutukset yhdisteiden paksuuskasvuun olivat puolestaan lieviä eikä huokosia esiintynyt millään muulla kuin nikkeliä sisältävillä seoksilla. Työn tärkeimmät johtopäätökset liittyvät nikkelipitoisuuden vaikutuksiin liitosrajapinnan yhdisteisiin ja rakenteeseen. Näiden tulosten pohjalta on myös mahdollista suunnitella tarkentavia jatkotutkimuksia esimerkiksi ilmiöiden esiintymiselle kriittisten nikkelipitoisuuksien määrittämiseksi.Effects of some alloying elements and impurities on the reactions between copper and tin were studied in this thesis. These metals were nickel, gold, silver, iron and zinc. The aim of this work is mainly to find out the effects of these elements on the thickness growth and void formation in the Cu-Sn interface. The microelectronics assembly process, typical loading conditions and the most used reliability tests methods were considered based on literature and scientific articles. Also the basics of the diffusion phenomena and especially the Kirkendall effect were reviewed as the possible cause of voiding. In addition to this, the effects of the alloying elements on reliability and microstructure were investigated. Copper and tin were alloyed with the metals and then the solder-substrate couples were prepared. These couples were soldered and then annealed at 125-150°C for 0-2560 hours. The cross-section samples were prepared and their examination was done by scanning electron microscope. Nickel had the largest effect on the interfacial reactions. Already the 0.1 at-% nickel content in substrate copper decreased the thickness of the Cu3Sn layer. Voids were detected at the interface with Cu1Ni and Cu2.5Ni alloys. The largest nickel contents, 5 and 10 at-%, caused the extremely large growth of Cu6Sn5 layer and displaced the Cu3Sn layer. The dissolution of nickel in Cu6Sn5 compound caused the clear non-uniformity on its microstructure. The other metals had no significant effects on thickness growth and no voids were detected with these metals. The most important conclusions of this thesis are related to effects of nickel contents on the interfacial structure and reactions. These results provide also the guidelines for further studies. The determination of critical nickel contents could be one topic of further considerations

Social Transformations of Gender in Andean South America: A Working Annotated Bibliography

Also CSST Working Paper #17.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/51144/1/376.pd

IP-Level Satellite Link Emulation with KauNet

Distributed applications and transport protocols communicating over a satellite link may react very strongly to conditions specific to that kind of link. Providing a evaluation framework to allow tests of real implementations of such software in that context is quite a challenging task. In this paper we demonstrate how the use of the general-purpose KauNet IP-level emulator combined with satellite-specific packet loss patterns can help by reproducing losses and delays experienced on a satellite link with a simple Ethernet LAN setup. Such a platform is an essential tool for developers performing continuous testing as they provide new features for e.g. video codecs or transport-level software like DCCP and its congestion control components

Transistor and Diode Studies

Contains reports on two research projects.Lincoln Laboratory (Purchase Order DDL-B222)United States Department of the ArmyUnited States Department of the NavyUnited States Department of the Air Force (Contract AF19(122)-458

Children´s sleep in hospital : a parent´s perspective

Background: The need for sleep varies, but sick children have a greater need. Lack of sleep has a negative impact on many functions. There are no procedures for assessing children’s sleep problems while in hospital and research is limited. Aim: To describe parents’ experiences of what affects children´s sleep while admitted to hospital. Method: Inductive qualitative study at a pediatric medicine ward at Astrid Lindgren’s Children´s Hospital. Convenience sample included nine participants. Semi-structured interviews were performed using an interview guide. Qualitative content analysis was used. Results: The result is presented in four categories with subcategories; setting, illness, routines and experiences. The factors that had the most impact on their sleep, were nocturnal procedures and the effects of the disease. Conclusion: Being hospitalized can implicate both an improved or worsened sleep. How the child sleeps at home and how well prepared the child is has an impact. Children are often disturbed during the night in hospital, but it varies if it has any effect on the child or not.Bakgrund: Sömnbehovet varierar men sjuka barn har ett ökat behov. Sömnbrist har negativ inverkan på flera funktioner. Det saknas rutiner för att bedöma sömnproblem hos barn på sjukhus och forskningen är begränsad. Syfte: Att beskriva föräldrars upplevelser av vad som påverkar barns sömn under tiden de vistas på sjukhus. Metod: Induktiv kvalitativ studie på en medicinsk avdelning på Astrid Lindgrens barnsjukhus. Bekvämlighetsurval inkluderade 11 deltagare. Semistrukturerade intervjuer utfördes med intervjuguide. Analysmetod var kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i fyra kategorier med subkategorier; miljö, sjukdom, rutiner och erfarenheter. Det som påverkade sömnen mest var nattliga procedurer samt sjukdomens effekter. Slutsats: Sjukhusvistelse kan innebära både en förbättrad eller försämrad sömn. Hur barnet sover hemma och hur förberett barnet är har inverkan. Barn störs ofta nattetid vid sjukhusvistelse, men det varierar om det har någon påverkan på barnet eller inte

Valuation of company forest land : Companies and valuers opinion on different valuation methods

Varje år redovisar skogsbolagen sina tillgångar i sin årsredovisning. Tidigare har företagen använt sig av bokfört värde men i och med att flera stora skogsaffärer har genomförts på marknaden har många skogsbolag gått över till att redovisa sina skogligatillgångar till verkligt värde (marknadsvärdet). Plötsligt så har tillgångarna dubblerats i värde, från ett år till ett annat. Vad beror detta på och hur värderas bolagsskogar efter de stora skogsaffärer som genomförts? Syftet med studien är att fastställa skogsbolags och värderares syn på olika värderingsmetoder på stora skogsfastigheter, samt få en förståelse hur metoderna används. Studien utfördes med en kvalitativ metodansats då syftet var att få en djup förståelse från kunniga personer inom ämnet. Sammanlagt utfördes fem intervjuer, varav tre representanter från värderingsföretag samt två från skogsbolag. Anledningen till att vi tog med två olika parter var för att få ett brett perspektiv på frågan, där två olika synvinklar presenterades och jämfördes för att få ett trovärdigt resultat. Med många frågor och många svar kunde en trend påvisas som pekade åt att företag och värderare delade synsätt i många frågor. Majoriteten nämnde att ortsprismetoden kunde användas vid värdering av stora skogstillgångar, antingen själv eller kombinerat med avkastningsmetoden. En viktig notering är att det inte går att generalisera resultatet då åsikterna kan skilja sig mellan andra individer. Slutsatsen är att ortsprismetoden föredrogs av de flesta, men vissa av respon-denterna nämnde även en kombination av avkastningsmetoden för att få fram verkligt värde.Every year, the forestry companies report their assets in their annual report. Companies has in the past used book value, but as large forest land sales have been made on the market, there are many forestry companies that have switched to now report their forestry assets in fair value (market value). Suddenly the assets have doubled in value, from one year to another. What does this depend on and how are company forests valued after the many large forest land sales have been made? In this study, we aim to establish the views of forest companies and forest valuers on different valuation methods used on large forest properties, and to gain an understanding on how the methods are used. The study was carried out with a qualitative method approach as our aim was to get a deep understanding from knowledgeable people in the subject of matter. A total of five interviews were conducted where there were three representatives from valuation companies and representatives from two forestry companies. Why we included two different parties in this study was to get a broad perspective on the issue, where two parts with different points of view were presented and then compared to get a credible result. With many questions and many answers, a trend could be demonstrated that indicated that companies and valuers shared views on many issues. The majority mentioned that the sales comparison approach could be used when valuing large forest assets, either alone or in a combination with the present value method. An important note is that it is not possible to generalize the result in this study since opinions may differ between individuals. The conclusion is that the sales comparison approach was preferred by most of the participants, but some also mentioned a combination of the net present value method to obtain fair value