Alien Registration- Huotari, Matti (Paris, Oxford County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/21221/thumbnail.jp

Ralliauton eturungon ja apurungon suunnittelu

Opinnäytetyössä suunniteltiin eturunko ja apurunko NRC-ralliautoon, joka on Oulun ammattikorkeakoulun kehitysprojekti. Suunnittelussa tuli ottaa huomioon materiaalien ja liitostapojen lisäksi myös elementti- ja lujuuslaskenta. Eturungon ja apurungon tuli olla muusta autosta itsenäisiä komponentteja, jotta ne voidaan vaihtaa niiden vaurioituessa. Työn teoriaosuudessa käytiin lyhyesti läpi ajoneuvojen passiivista turvallisuutta, kuten auton korin käyttäytymistä kolaritilanteessa. Työssä perehdyttiin myös yleisesti autoteollisuudessa käytettäviä runkorakenteita ja valmistusmateriaaleja, kuten teräs, alumiini ja hiilikuitu. Liitosmenetelmistä käytiin läpi yleisimpiä kiinteitä ja purettavia liitoksia. Tarkasteltavia esimerkkeinä olivat muun muassa laserhitsaus, liimaus ja kitkaliitos. Työn päätyökaluna käytettiin SolidWorks-mallinnusohjelmaa, joka sisältää myös simuloinnin. Työn tuloksena saatiin 3D-malli, joka toimii aihiona jatkokehitykselle. Runkorakenne pyrittiin pitämään yksinkertaisena ja kustannustehokkaana, jotta rakenteen komponentit olisivat mahdollisimman yksinkertaisia valmistaa ja vaihtaa vaurioituessaan. Mallinnukseen eivät kuuluneet tukivarsien, moottorin ja vaihteiston kiinnityspisteiden suunnittelu. Valmiille 3D-mallille suoritettiin elementtilaskenta, jonka kuormana käytettiin voimaa, joka vastaa todellista ralliauton hyppyä kisassa. Voima lasketaan alastulonopeuden ja muodonmuutokseen käytettävän ajan perusteella. Saadun voiman avulla suoritettiin FEM-laskenta SolidWorks-simulointiohjelmalla. Lopputulokseksi saatiin muodonmuutoskuva, josta oli havaittavissa rakenteen käyttäytyminen törmäyksen voimasta.In this thesis, the front frame and the sub-frame were designed for a NRC-rally car, which is a part of the Oulu University of Applied Sciences Development Project. The design had to take into account the materials and joining methods, but also element and strength calculation. The front frame and the sub-frame are individual components from the rest of the car, so that they can be changed when they get damaged. The theoretical part includes the passive safety of vehicles, like how a car body acts under a crash. The thesis also includes theory about frame structures and materials, such as steel, aluminum and carbon fiber. The joining methods are also mentioned, like fixed and dismountable joints, for example laser welding, The main tool in this thesis was SolidWorks modelling software, which included simulation tools. The result was a 3D model, which is the main element for further development. The frame structure was kept as simple and cost-effective as possible. The modeling did not include the design of the suspension arms, engine or transmission mounting points. The complete 3D-model was simulated with a force, which is equivalent to a real rally car jump in the race. The force is calculated by the landing speed and the time taken by the impact. The force was used to FEM-calculation and SolidWorks-simulation. The result was a displacement picture, where the structural changes could be seen

Photoplethysmographic measurements of arterial and aortic pulse waveform characteristics

The photoplethysmographic (PPG) signal is a complex signal, composed of the peripheral pulse synchronized to each heartbeat (the fluctuating component), and modulated by a slow component that varies due to respiration, vasomotor activity and vasoconstrictor waves, ECG and pulse waves from healthy subjects. Decomposition of the PPG pulse waves produces five components: percussion, tidal, dicrotic, repercussion, and retidal waves. Pulse wave decomposition parameters PPG are compared to detect variables for information on person’s arterial elasticity. Nowadays, promising cardiovascular parameters registration method is PPG, which is relatively simple to be applied in eHealth, clinical applications, homecare, drives’ sleepiness, or even endothelial dysfunction. Results show that elasticity information in the form of pulse wave decomposition from PPG waves is easily obtainable and shows clear shortening between percussion wave and tidal wave peak time in PPG waveforms as a function of age. Decomposition analysis is valuable in assessment of the arterial elasticity. In addition, PPG measurement is absolutely non‐invasive and safe. In PPG measurement, the sensors are on the opposite sides of the fingertip to obtain accurate waveforms. A further challenge is the calibration of the PPG measurement systems in order to achieve comparative diagnostic relations, because PPG waveforms in different regions of the body and in different subjects do not allow us to find a universal calibration function for reliable estimations of the clinical data

Machine learning applications for smart building energy utilization : a survey

The United Nations launched sustainable development goals in 2015 that include goals for sustainable energy. From global energy consumption, households consume 20–30% of energy in Europe, North America and Asia; furthermore, the overall global energy consumption has steadily increased in the recent decades. Consequently, to meet the increased energy demand and to promote efficient energy consumption, there is a persistent need to develop applications enhancing utilization of energy in buildings. However, despite the potential significance of AI in this area, few surveys have systematically categorized these applications. Therefore, this paper presents a systematic review of the literature, and then creates a novel taxonomy for applications of smart building energy utilization. The contributions of this paper are (a) a systematic review of applications and machine learning methods for smart building energy utilization, (b) a novel taxonomy for the applications, (c) detailed analysis of these solutions and techniques used for the applications (electric grid, smart building energy management and control, maintenance and security, and personalization), and, finally, (d) a discussion on open issues and developments in the field

Arterial pulse waves measured with EMFi and PPG sensors and comparison of the pulse waveform spectral and decomposition analysis in healthy subjects

The purpose of this study is to show the time domain and frequency domain analysis of signals recorded with Electromechanical Film (EMFi) and Photoplethysmographic (PPG) sensors in arterial elasticity estimation via pulse wave decomposition and spectral components obtained from left forefinger, wrist, and second toe arteries. ECG and pulse waves from the subjects were recorded from 7 persons (30‐60 y) in supine position. Decomposition of the pulse waves produces five components: percussion, tidal, dicrotic, repercussion, and retidal waves. Pulse wave decomposition parameters between EMFi and PPG are compared to detect variables for information on person’s arterial elasticity. Results show that elasticity information in the form of pulse wave decomposition from PPG and EMFi waves is obtainable and shows clear shortening between percussion wave and tidal wave peak time in PPG waveforms with age. The spectral information obtained with frequency domain analysis could also be valuable in assessment of the arterial elasticity. In addition, both PPG and EMFi measurements are absolutely non‐invasive and safe. In PPG measurement, the sensors are on the opposite sides of the finger tip, however, EMFi measurement needs the good skilled operator attaching the sensor on the patient’s wrist by touching gently to obtain accurate waveforms

Solar radiation transfer for an ice-covered lake in the central Asian arid climate zone

Spectral albedo and light transmittance through snow, ice, and water were measured in Lake Wuliangsuhai (40 degrees 36 '-41 degrees 30 ' N, 108 degrees 43 '-108 degrees 70 ' E), Inner Mongolia, China, during winter 2016. Data on the weather, structure of lake ice, and geochemistry of water were also collected during the 60-day field program. The study lake is shallow (mean depth 1.0-1.5 m) with a large wetland area. Compared with polar lakes, solar elevation is higher, snow accumulation is much lower, and the ice has more sediment. The ice was all congelation ice with a mean thickness of 36.6 cm, corresponding to a mean air temperature of -9.6 degrees C. The mean daily broadband albedo and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) band transmittance were 0.54 and 0.08 (bare ice), 0.74 and 0.04 (new snow), and 0.30 and 0.12 (melting period), respectively. The level of light allowed photosynthesis to occur to the bottom of the lake. The ice acted as a grey filter for the sunlight with a mean attenuation coefficient of 2.1 m(-1). These results expand our knowledge of the evolution of light transfer through ice and snow cover and its role in the ecology of lakes in temperate and arid areas.Peer reviewe

Mass and Heat Balance of a Lake Ice Cover in the Central Asian Arid Climate Zone

To improve the understanding of the seasonal evolution of the mass and heat budget of ice-covered lakes in the cold and arid climate zone, in-situ observations were collected during two winters (2016–2017 and 2017–2018) in Lake Wuliangsuhai, Inner Mongolia, China. The mean snow thickness was 5.2 and 1.6 cm in these winters, due to low winter precipitation. The mean ice thickness was 50.9 and 36.1 cm, and the ice growth rate was 3.6 and 2.1 mm day−1 at the lower boundary of ice. Analyses of mass and heat balance data from two winters revealed that the surface heat budget was governed by solar radiation and terrestrial radiation. The net heat flux loss of the ice was 9–22 W m−2, affected by the snow and ice thickness. Compared to boreal lakes, Lake Wuliangsuhai received more solar radiation and heat flux from the water. The ice temperature had a strong diurnal variation, which was produced by the diurnal cycles of solar radiation, and air and water temperatures. These results expand our knowledge of the evolution of mass and heat balance in temperate lakes of mid-latitude arid areas

Inner product regularized multi-energy X-ray tomography for material decomposition

Multi-energy X-ray tomography is studied for decomposing three materials using three X-ray energies and a classical energy-integrating detector. A novel regularization term comprises inner products between the material distribution functions, penalizing any overlap of different materials. The method is tested on real data measured of a phantom embedded with Na$_2$SeO$_3$, Na$_2$SeO$_4$, and elemental selenium. It is found that the two-dimensional distributions of selenium in different oxidation states can be mapped and distinguished from each other with the new algorithm. The results have applications in material science, chemistry, biology and medicine

Diurnal Cycle Model of Lake Ice Surface Albedo : A Case Study of Wuliangsuhai Lake

Ice surface albedo is an important factor in various optical remote sensing technologies used to determine the distribution of snow or melt water on the ice, and to judge the formation or melting of lake ice in winter, especially in cold and arid areas. In this study, field measurements were conducted at Wuliangsuhai Lake, a typical lake in the semi-arid cold area of China, to investigate the diurnal variation of the ice surface albedo. Observations showed that the diurnal variations of the ice surface albedo exhibit bimodal characteristics with peaks occurring after sunrise and before sunset. The curve of ice surface albedo with time is affected by weather conditions. The first peak occurs later on cloudy days compared with sunny days, whereas the second peak appears earlier on cloudy days. Four probability density distribution functions—Laplace, Gauss, Gumbel, and Cauchy—were combined linearly to model the daily variation of the lake ice albedo on a sunny day. The simulations of diurnal variation in the albedo during the period from sunrise to sunset with a solar altitude angle higher than 5° indicate that the Laplace combination is the optimal statistical model. The Laplace combination can not only describe the bimodal characteristic of the diurnal albedo cycle when the solar altitude angle is higher than 5°, but also reflect the U-shaped distribution of the diurnal albedo as the solar altitude angle exceeds 15°. The scale of the model is about half the length of the day, and the position of the two peaks is closely related to the moment of sunrise, which reflects the asymmetry of the two peaks of the ice surface albedo. This study provides a basis for the development of parameterization schemes of diurnal variation of lake ice albedo in semi-arid cold regions