Rancang bangun pengering menggunakan sistem aliran konveksi udara dari kolektor surya

Indonesia merupakan wilayah kepualauan yang menempati daerah sekitar katulistiwa serta negara beriklim tropis sehingga matahari bersinar sepanjang tahun. Kondisi ini dapat menjadikan matahari menjadi alternatif sumber energi masa depan yang tak akan habis bila digunakan sebagai sumber energi alternatif. Salah satu pemanfaatan energi surya yang banyak digunakan adalah pemanfaatannya sebagai pengering. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: merancang dan membuat pengering bertenaga surya sebagai sumber energi sehingga syarat kecakupan panas bisa ditingkatkan dan mengoptimalisasi panas yang diterima oleh pengering agar alat dapat menerima panas secara maksimal. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah perancangan dan pembuatan alat serta studi eksperimental dengan melakukan pendekatan penelitian secara deskripif. Adapun analisis penelitian dideskripsikan dari perbandingan hasil temperatur pada kotak pengering dengan variasi sudut kolektor serta hasil uji sampel menggunakan rancangan alat yang sudah didesain dengan dibedakan tambahan glaswoll (bahan perangkap panas) pada kolektor dan tanpa tambahan glaswoll. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini yaitu telah dirancang bangun sebuah alat pengering menggunakan sistem aliran konveksi udara dari kolektor surya yang telah dimodifikasi dengan tambahan glaswoll dan cermin pada sisi-sisi kolektor, hal ini mampu meningkatkan hasil dari kualitas temperatur pada pengering. Kolektor dengan sudut kemiringan 75° memiliki nilai temperatur tertinggi pada kotak pengering, yaitu jika dengan tambahan glaswoll mengalami penguatan temperatur sebesar 207,50% dibanding temperatur luar dan jika tidak menggunakan glaswoll mengalami penguatan temperatur sebanyak 201,80% dibanding temperatur luar. Hasil dari produk akhir bahan yang telah dikeringkan menggunakan alat pengering memiliki nilai kualitas yang lebih bagus dibanding tanpa menggunakan alat pengering, serta meningkatkan efisiensi waktu proses pengeringan yaitu 5 hari tanpa alat setara dengan pengeringan 3 hari dengan menggunakan alat

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030