Spray dryer modelling

Both spraying and drying are critical to spray dryer performance. Models are developed which explain the very different performance of a spray dryer when large droplets of film forming materials are created using a Rayleigh resonance atomiser. The droplet diameter distribution from this "Acoustic Atomiser" is inadequately described by previously reported spray size distribution functions, but well described by the Stable distribution. The alpha parameter of this distribution was found to tend towards the Gaussian limit for low viscosity fluids and the Lorentz limit with increasing viscosity, consistent with behaviour as a simple and damped forced harmonic oscillator respectively, and hence with the physics of the atomisation process. Droplet drying kinetics dominate model predictions. A device using an ultramicrobalance to measure droplet drying kinetics with unprecedented accuracy and range has been designed. A scaling and residence time analysis model was able to account for experimental spray dryer observations. Sprayability even of complex fluids is predicted adequately by the Ohnesorge diagram, provided that extensional rather than shear viscosity is plotted. A new determination of the transient apparent extensional viscosity from arbitrary CaBER time-diameter curves has successfully been used for fluids too complex to analyse using previously published rheological models

The impact of economic sanctions on the right to Health: a comparative study between South African and Iraq

Magister Legum - LLMUnder the United Nations Charter, the Security Council may decide what measures, not involving the use of armed force, are to be employed to give effect to its decisions and may call upon member States to apply such measures in order to maintain or restore international peace and security.2 One of the measures that can be decided on is sanctions. Sanctions have, to a large extent, been imposed to defend human rights. Economic sanctions were commonly believed to be a mechanism that was a humane alternative to war. During the last decade, the Security Council has applied economic sanctions in several cases that, in turn, have drawn the attention of different United Nations human rights bodies and mechanisms to their possible impact on the enjoyment of human rights.3 Fundamentally, any economic sanctions programme's main objective is to induce dysfunction in the trade and financial systems of the target State.South Afric

Tourism Events and the Nature of Stakeholder Power

This exploratory case study examines the power relations among the stakeholders of a tourism event in Borneo. It examines the sources of stakeholder power and the pattern of interdependence of various stakeholders, primarily based on interviews with event managers and stakeholders, as well as field visits. An analysis of the different types and amount of resource control, dependency, and network centrality resulted in four different categories of stakeholder power patterns—executive, asset based, referral, and diffuse stakeholders. The study also found that resource-based power was the primary source of power, whereas network-based power was a secondary and supplementary source. The case study revealed that the salience of event stakeholders based on their power was highly variable due to the different types of power that they had. This article contributes to the literature of event tourism, a typology of the event stakeholder powers in a predominately government-owned music festival, and offered practical suggestions to event management. It also advances the stakeholder power concept within event tourism studies

The cellular toxicology of mitragynine, the dominant alkaloid of the narcotic-like herb, Mitragyna speciosa Korth

Mitragyna speciosa Korth (Kratom), a herb of the Rubiaceae family is indigenous to southeast Asia. The plant and its dominant alkaloid mitragynine (MIT) are narcotic/analgesic and illicit consumption is widespread in Asia; the toxicological consequences of consumption are poorly documented. We determined cytotoxicity of MIT on human cell lines and report dose and time-dependent stimulation and inhibition of proliferation. Since MIT has powerful opiate-like activity, we focussed on human neuronal SH-SY5Y cell line and found the colony forming ability of cells treated with MIT showed a dose-dependent trend for reduced survival. Studies using metabolically competent MCL-5 cells and chemical inhibitors indicated that CYP 2E1 and 2A6 were involved in the cytotoxicity. Cytotoxicity was preceded by cell cycle arrest mainly at G1 and S phase. To assess whether arrest was due to DNA damage or mutation, we examined genotoxic potential using the L5178 TK +/− mouse lymphoma assay and found that MIT was not genotoxic at the TK locus, even at doses that were highly cytotoxic. To investigate mechanisms of MIT cytotoxicity, we used flow cytometry and annexin V with 7-amino-actinomycin D staining and show apoptosis and necrotic activity. Apoptosis was further supported as MIT rapidly induced the activity of executioner caspases 3/7. However, cytotoxicity of MIT was partially reduced by inclusion of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone, a μ and δ opioid receptor antagonist, suggesting that cytotoxicity depends in part on opioid signalling, consistent with the known toxicity of other opiates. Based on consumption of 20 leaves per day of Mitragyna speciosa, we estimated daily human exposure to MIT to be about 17 mg MIT for regular consumers, potentially giving plasma concentrations in of 10−9 to 10 −7 M. Importantly, fatalities after kratom consumption have been reported to occur in individuals with blood mitragynine concentrations of between 0.45–1.0 μM, substantially lower than the threshold of toxicity predicted from this in vitro report. Clearly the implications of these findings to humans consuming Mitragyna speciosa leaves will require further study, but individuals taking large quantities of these opiate-like materials may be at risk, especially those who have a high CYP2E1 activity, such as heavy alcohol users

Stochastic beamforming for cochlear implant coding

Cochlear implants are prosthetic devices used to provide hearing to people who would otherwise be profoundly deaf. The deliberate addition of noise to the electrode signals could increase the amount of information transmitted, but standard cochlear implants do not replicate the noise characteristic of normal hearing because if noise is added in an uncontrolled manner with a limited number of electrodes then it will almost certainly lead to worse performance. Only if partially independent stochastic activity can be achieved in each nerve fibre can mechanisms like suprathreshold stochastic resonance be effective. We are investigating the use of stochastic beamforming to achieve greater independence. The strategy involves presenting each electrode with a linear combination of independent Gaussian noise sources. Because the cochlea is filled with conductive salt solutions, the noise currents from the electrodes interact and the effective stimulus for each nerve fibre will therefore be a different weighted sum of the noise sources. To some extent therefore, the effective stimulus for a nerve fibre will be independent of the effective stimulus of neighbouring fibres. For a particular patient, the electrode position and the amount of current spread are fixed. The objective is therefore to find the linear combination of noise sources that leads to the greatest independence between nerve discharges. In this theoretical study we show that it is possible to get one independent point of excitation (one null) for each electrode and that stochastic beamforming can greatly decrease the correlation between the noise exciting different regions of the cochlea. © 2007 Copyright SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering

Liver copper concentrations in cull cattle in the UK: are cattle being copper loaded?

With the release of the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs/Advisory Committee on Animal Feed Guidance Note for Supplementing Copper to Bovines it was noted that the current copper status of the national herd was not known. Liver samples were recovered from 510 cull cattle at a single abattoir across a period of three days. The samples were wet-ashed and liver copper concentrations determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis. Breed, age and previous location information were obtained from the British Cattle Movement Service. Dairy breeds had higher liver copper concentrations than beef breeds. Holstein-Friesian and ‘other’ dairy breeds had 38.3 per cent and 40 per cent of cattle above the Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA) reference range (8000 µmol/kg dry matter), respectively, whereas only 16.9 per cent of animals in the combined beef breeds exceeded this value. It was found that underlying topsoil copper concentration was not related to liver copper content and that age of the animal also had little effect on liver concentration. In conclusion, over 50 per cent of the liver samples tested had greater-than-normal concentrations of copper with almost 40 per cent of the female dairy cattle having liver copper concentrations above the AHVLA reference range, indicating that a significant proportion of the UK herd is at risk of chronic copper toxicity

Adapting and adopting River Habitat Survey : problems and solutions for fluvial hydromorphological assessment in Portugal

The Water Framework Directive (WFD), which established the use of hydromorphological quality elements to assess the ecological status of water bodies, has influenced the purpose and content of several European methods for characterizing physical structure and assessing habitat quality in rivers. The River Habitat Survey (RHS) is a WFD compliant method developed in the UK and follows rapid and simple survey procedures using a standardised approach to characterize the physical habitat and evaluate hydromorphological quality. In Portugal, RHS was adopted for WFD purposes due to its successful long term application across the UK and other European countries. Even so, an effort was made to adapt the RHS to Portuguese regional and river characteristics, in order to accurately record habitat features, assess habitat quality and comply with legal requirements. This paper describes the constraints, adaptations, state of the art and way forward for a successful RHS implementation in Portugal. Constraints concerning the application of RHS to Mediterranean rivers are strongly related to natural hydromorphological processes, namely annual and inter-annual flow variability, which is a potential source of covariance with anthropogenic pressures. This leads to difficulties in recognizing and accurately recording some RHS features. Adaptations to RHS were introduced for survey guidelines, recording procedures and improved definitions of habitat features. Additional modifications were prepared in different sections of RHS field form to reflect Portuguese river features and incorporate components required by the WFD.La Directiva Marco del Agua (DMA), que estableció el uso de indicadores de calidad hidromorfológicos para evaluar el estado ecológico de las masas de agua, ha influido en la finalidad y el contenido de varios métodos europeos para la caracterización de la estructura física y la evaluación de la calidad del h'abitat en los ríos. El River Habitat Survey (RHS) es un método compatible con la DMA desarrollado en el Reino Unido y sigue los procedimientos de encuesta rápida y sencilla utilizando un método estándar para caracterizar el hábitat físico y evaluar la calidad hidromorfológa. En Portugal, el RHS fue adoptado a efectos de la DMA debido a su exitosa aplicación a largo plazo en el Reino Unido y otros países europeos. Aun así, se hizo un esfuerzo para adaptar el RHS a las características regionales y de los ríos de Portugal, con el fin de registrar con precisión las características del hábitat, evaluar la calidad del hábitat y cumplir con los requisitos legales. Este artículo describe las limitaciones, las adaptaciones, el estado de implementacion y la manera para una implementación exitosa de RHS en Portugal. Las restricciones relativas a la aplicación de RHS a los ríos del Mediterráneo están fuertemente relacionadas con procesos hidromorfológicos naturales, como es la variabilidad del flujo anual e interanual, la cual es una fuente potencial de covarianza con presiones antropogénicas. Esto lleva a dificultades para reconocer y registrar con precisión algunas de las caracter'ısticas del RHS. Se han introducido adaptaciones al RHS en las directrices de muestreo, en los procedimientos de registro y se han mejorado algunas definiciones de ciertas características del hábitat. Otras modificaciones adicionales se han realizado en diferentes secciones del formulario de campo del RHS para reflejar las características de los ríos por tugueses y ciertas componentes requeridas por la DMA