Coding-theorem Like Behaviour and Emergence of the Universal Distribution from Resource-bounded Algorithmic Probability

Previously referred to as `miraculous' in the scientific literature because of its powerful properties and its wide application as optimal solution to the problem of induction/inference, (approximations to) Algorithmic Probability (AP) and the associated Universal Distribution are (or should be) of the greatest importance in science. Here we investigate the emergence, the rates of emergence and convergence, and the Coding-theorem like behaviour of AP in Turing-subuniversal models of computation. We investigate empirical distributions of computing models in the Chomsky hierarchy. We introduce measures of algorithmic probability and algorithmic complexity based upon resource-bounded computation, in contrast to previously thoroughly investigated distributions produced from the output distribution of Turing machines. This approach allows for numerical approximations to algorithmic (Kolmogorov-Chaitin) complexity-based estimations at each of the levels of a computational hierarchy. We demonstrate that all these estimations are correlated in rank and that they converge both in rank and values as a function of computational power, despite fundamental differences between computational models. In the context of natural processes that operate below the Turing universal level because of finite resources and physical degradation, the investigation of natural biases stemming from algorithmic rules may shed light on the distribution of outcomes. We show that up to 60\% of the simplicity/complexity bias in distributions produced even by the weakest of the computational models can be accounted for by Algorithmic Probability in its approximation to the Universal Distribution.Comment: 27 pages main text, 39 pages including supplement. Online complexity calculator: http://complexitycalculator.com

MHD Remote Numerical Simulations: Evolution of Coronal Mass Ejections

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are solar eruptions into interplanetary space of as much as a few billion tons of plasma, with embedded magnetic fields from the Sun's corona. These perturbations play a very important role in solar--terrestrial relations, in particular in the spaceweather. In this work we present some preliminary results of the software development at the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico to perform Remote MHD Numerical Simulations. This is done to study the evolution of the CMEs in the interplanetary medium through a Web-based interface and the results are store into a database. The new astrophysical computational tool is called the Mexican Virtual Solar Observatory (MVSO) and is aimed to create theoretical models that may be helpful in the interpretation of observational solar data.Comment: 2 pages, 1 color figure. To appear in Proceedings IAU Symposium No. 259. Cosmic Magnetic Fields: From Planets, to Stars and Galaxies. In pres

Factors influencing household action on climate change

Climate change threatens the quality of life of households around the world, impacting human health, food supply, economic growth, water resources, among others. Although some households are already tackling climate change, the reality is that more action is needed. Many factors can influence the implementation of action, including sociodemographic characteristics as well as the access to economic and technological resources. Recent literature has also focused on exploring public perceptions of climate change, and have found that some perceptions, such as perceiving climate change as a risk, positively influence the adoption of adaptation and mitigation measures among households. The aim of this thesis is to advance the understanding of factors, including climate change-related perceptions and sociodemographic characteristics, that influence household action on climate change. We carried out a household survey in the state of Nuevo León, Mexico, which is threatened by the impacts of climate change. The results reveal that climate change action is complex and multidimensional and is influenced by both perceptions and the sociodemographic characteristics of households. We describe how households view climate change and its impacts, and how public policies fail to acknowledge their views. As such, the results from this research can represent a starting point for governmental authorities who wish to engage households with climate change. In this respect, we see an opportunity for climate policies and programs to incorporate approaches that provide households with clear knowledge on solutions and economic and technological resources towards more and effective climate change action

Species Delimitation, Phylogenetics, and Biogeography of the Catfish Genus \u3ci\u3eRhamdia\u3c/i\u3e Bleeker (Heptapteridae) of Central America and the Trans-Andean Region of Colombia

A recent taxonomic revision of the Neotropical catfish genus Rhamdia (Pisces: Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) reduced a number of described species to synonymy, especially under a broadly circumscribed R. quelen. Evidence is presented here from DNA sequence data, external and internal morphology, and morphometrics that argues for the recognition of R. guatemalensis in Central and northern South America and R. saijaensis and R. cinerascens in the Pacific drainages of Colombia and Ecuador, respectively. The DNA data indicate that all trans-Andean samples form a monophyletic group, within which there are separate clades corresponding to R. laticauda and the synonymized R. guatemalensis, R. saijaensis, and R. cinerascens. The morphometric data substantiate the phylogenetic groupings, and in external morphology, each putative species has diagnostic characters. The external and internal morphological differences and phylogenetic relationships indicate that these groups are both recognizable and represent independent lineages, which argue for their recognition as species

Plan de negocios Air and Space Museum

166 páginas : ilustraciones, gráficos, fotografías y anexosFamilies are constantly questioning about the different educational and play activities with their children, it brings benefits for emotional, psychological development and the strengthening of family ties, among others. Then, seeking to meet this need, we find a business opportunity with a balance between education and fun, through the union of the museum and restaurant concept, that is, a cultural service focused on families with a source of income through sale of food, on the outskirts of the City of Bogota with the name of Air and Space Museum. First concept refers to an Aerospace Museum, where families live an educational and playful experience in an environment that allows interaction and learning with history, science and technology related to Space ciences, Astronomy, Cosmology and Astronautics. The second concept, restaurant allows visitors to enjoy a great gastronomic experience, quality food with a varied menu. According to this, this graduate work will analyze and answer the question: Is this business plan of a Museum with restaurant service outside Bogota, that satisfies the need for learning, fun and gastronomy, framed in the concept of interaction with the Universe and its components, financially viable?.Las familias se cuestionan constantemente sobre las diferentes actividades educativas y lúdicas a realizar con los hijos, debido a los beneficios que trae tanto para el desarrollo emocional y psicológico como el fortalecimiento de lazos familiares, entre otros. Así, buscando suplir esta necesidad nace una oportunidad de plan de negocio con un balance entre educación y diversión, por medio de la unión del concepto museo y restaurante, es decir, un servicio cultural enfocado a las familias con fuente de ingresos por medio de venta de alimentos, ubicado en las afueras de la Ciudad de Bogotá con el nombre de Air and Space Museum. El primer concepto hace referencia a un Museo Aeroespacial, donde las familias viven una experiencia educativa y lúdica en un ambiente que permita interactuar y aprender con la historia, ciencia y tecnología relacionada a Ciencias Espaciales, Astronomía, Cosmología y Astronáutica. El segundo concepto de restaurante permite que los visitantes disfruten de una gran experiencia gastronómica, alimentos de calidad con un menú variado. De acuerdo con esto, este trabajo de grado analizara y dará respuesta al interrogante LES viable financieramente un plan de negocios de un Museo con servicio de restaurante a las afueras de Bogotá que satisfaga la necesidad de aprendizaje, diversión y gastronomía, enmarcados en el concepto de interacción con el Universo y sus componentes?.Magíster en Gestión y Evaluación de Proyectos de InversiónMaestrí