A framework to evaluate defect taxonomies

This paper presents a framework for evaluate and compare different defect taxonomies. Six well-known taxonomies are evaluated with it and the results are showed. We found deficiencies in every taxonomy once they are evaluated with the framework.VI Workshop Ingeniería de Software (WIS)Red de Universidades con Carreras en Informática (RedUNCI

A framework to evaluate defect taxonomies

This paper presents a framework for evaluate and compare different defect taxonomies. Six well-known taxonomies are evaluated with it and the results are showed. We found deficiencies in every taxonomy once they are evaluated with the framework.VI Workshop Ingeniería de Software (WIS)Red de Universidades con Carreras en Informática (RedUNCI

Teste de software orientado a objetos : tecnicas, estrategias e ferramentas

A determinação da ausência de erros em um sistema de software é impossível de ser garantida, portanto, o teste de software deve ser realizado para aumentar a confiabilidade do produto. Sistemas Orientados a Objetos (00) são mais complexos para testar do que sistemas procedimentais, devido a características tais como herança, encapsulamento, polimorfismo e ligação dinâmica. Há várias técnicas de teste de software 00 propostas na literatura, sendo as mais exploradas. as relacionadas ao teste de estados dos objetos. O conhecimento e a adoção de técnicas de teste permitem que esta atividade seja feita de forma sistemática, automatizada e, portanto, menos suscetível à ocorrência de erros. A complexidade e o tamanho dos sistemas de software exigem que haja uma maior interação entre as pessoas envolvidas no processo de desenvolvimento (assim como no teste). Desta forma, é necessário que as tarefas que compõem a atividade de teste sejam distribuídas aos componentes de uma equipe, devendo haver procedimentos específicos para tal. O principal objetivo deste tutorial é apresentar técnicas, estratégias e ferramentas que podem ser utilizadas no teste de software 00.The absence of errors in software systems is impossible to be assured, therefore software testing must be done to increase product's reliability. Object-Oriented (00) systems are more complex to test than procedural ones, due to features such as inheritance, encapsulation, polymorphism and dynamic binding. There are many 00 software testing techniques proposed on the literature, and most of them are related to object state based testing. Knowing and adopting techniques leads testing to be done in a systematic and automated way, and therefore, less susceptible to failures. Systems of high complexity and size require a bigger interaction among that software development (and testing) involved people. Therefore, testing activities must be distributed to team's members, according some established mies. The main purpose of this tutorial is to present techniques, approaches and tools which can be used to test object-oriented software

Perfil epidemiológico das notificações de tuberculose de pacientes com residência na 17ª Regional de Saúde do Paraná entre 2010 e 2017

Mundialmente a tuberculose mata mais pessoas do que qualquer outra infecção. Obedecer aos esquemas terapêuticos torna a tuberculose curável. Este é um estudo transversal retrospectivo descritivo do perfil epidemiológico dos casos novos de tuberculose notificados na 17ª Regional de Saúde do Paraná no período de 2010 a 2017. A incidência variou entre 28,2 e 35,9 casos/100.000 habitantes. Dos 1.661 casos notificados, predominaram homens brancos com ensino fundamental, 10% populações especiais (privados de liberdade 7,7%). A baciloscopia se apresentou positiva no diagnóstico em 54,6% casos e 8,8% não realizaram teste para HIV. Alcoolismo foi o agravo associado mais prevalente (24,2%). Em 70,1% dos casos evoluíram para cura e 7,9% abandonaram o tratamento. Entre data de diagnóstico e a notificação houve diferença média de 10,3 dias em 51,8% das notificações. É necessário qualificar a assistência para alcançar a meta de cura de 85% dos casos proposta pela Organização Mundial da Saúde

Relatório Final de Estágio Supervisionado

Relatório Final de Estágio Supervisionado, agregando os resultados das disciplinas de ESI e ESII, apresentado como requisito à obtençao do titulo de licenciado em Letras - Espanhol, na modalidade a distância, da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), realizado no Centro Municipal de Educação Girassol

Semideciduous Seasonal Forest Production of Leaves and Deciduousness in Function of the Water Balance, LAI, and NDVI

This study investigated the relationship between leaf production, litterfall, water balance, Leaf Area Index (LAI), and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in semideciduous forests. The goal was to model this phenomenon to obtain the estimates of this component as an additional compartment of the ecosystem carbon sink. The tests were conducted in eight semideciduous forest fragments. Twenty-four permanent plots were monitored monthly and LAI measurements and weighing of litterfall deposited in nets were conducted for a period of thirteen months. In this period, Landsat 5 and IRS satellite images were obtained and processed for generation of NDVI. The water balance was calculated for each day. The relationship among the variables “leaf dry weight,” “LAI,” “NDVI,” and “water balance” was verified and a regression model was built and evaluated. The deciduous phenomenon can be explained by hydric balance, and LAI and NDVI are ancillary variables. The tendency of the variables in the period of 13 months was explained by quadratic functions. The varied behavior among the monitoring sites helped to know differences in the deposition of leaves. This study showed that only the leaf component of the litterfall of a semideciduous forest in tropical climate can capture 4 to 8 Mg·ha−1·yr−1 of CO2 and this amount can be estimated using climate, biophysics, and vegetation index variables

No-wait inversion—a novel model for T1 mapping from inversion recovery measurements without the waiting times

Introduction: Quantification of longitudinal relaxation time T1 gained interest as an important MR-inducible tissue property for tissue characterization. Standard inversion recovery (IR) measurements for T1 determination take a prohibitively long time, and signal models assume a perfect inversion. Acceleration is possible by using the Look–Locker (LL) technique or other accelerated, model-based algorithms. However, the calculation of real T1 values from LL acquisitions necessitates the knowledge of equilibrium magnetization M0. Thus, usually, a waiting time to allow for free relaxation between global inversion pulses must be implemented. This study aims to introduce a novel model-based fitting approach for T1 mapping without the need for such waiting times.Methods: Single-inversion spiral LL spoiled gradient echo acquisitions were performed in a phantom and eight healthy volunteers using a 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. The measurements comprised two parts, one without magnetization preparation and a second featuring a global inversion pulse preparation before each of the 35 slices. Acquisition was performed without any waiting time in between slices, i.e., before the inversion pulses. T1 maps were calculated based on an iterative model-based reconstruction algorithm which combines the information from these two measurements, with and without inversion.Results: Accurate T1 maps were obtained in phantom and volunteer measurements. ROI-based mean T1 values differ by an average of 1.5% in the phantom and 5% in vivo between reference measurements and the proposed method. The combined fit benefits from both the information obtained in the inversion prepared and the unprepared measurements. The former provides a large dynamic range for accurate model-based fitting of the relaxation process, while the latter provides equilibrium magnetization M0, necessary to obtain accurate T1 values from a LL-like acquisition.Conclusion: The proposed model of a combined fit of an inversion-prepared and an unprepared measurement allows for robust fast T1 mapping, even in cases of imperfect inversion due to skipped waiting times for magnetization recovery. Thus, it can render long waiting times in between inversion pulses redundant

Intra-breath oscillometry for the evaluation of lung function in children and adolescents with a history of preterm birth

Objetivo: Avaliar a impedância do sistema respiratório (Zsr) e parâmetros espirométricos em crianças e adolescentes com e sem história de prematuridade. Métodos: Foi analisada uma amostra de 51 indivíduos entre 11 e 14 anos de idade: 35 com história de prematuridade (grupo pré-termo) e 16 nascidos a termo (grupo a termo). A função pulmonar foi medida por meio de espirometria, oscilometria espectral e oscilometria intra-breath. Resultados: A espirometria e a oscilometria espectral não revelaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos pré-termo e a termo. No entanto, a oscilometria intra-breath demonstrou diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos quanto à alteração da resistência, à reatância ao final da inspiração e à alteração da reatância (p < 0,05 para todas). Conclusões: Nossos achados sugerem que as anormalidades na Zsr persistem em crianças e adolescentes com história de prematuridade e que a oscilometria intra-breath é mais sensível do que a oscilometria espectral. São necessários estudos maiores para validar esses achados e para explorar o impacto do peso e idade gestacional ao nascer na Zsr mais tarde na vida.Objective: To assess respiratory system impedance (Zrs) and spirometric parameters in children and adolescents with and without a history of preterm birth. Methods: We evaluated a sample of 51 subjects between 11 and 14 years of age: 35 who had a history of preterm birth (preterm group) and 16 who had been born at term (full-term group). Lung function was measured by spirometry, spectral oscillometry, and intrabreath oscillometry. Results: Neither spirometry nor spectral oscillometry revealed any statistically significant differences between the preterm and full-term groups. However, intra-breath oscillometry demonstrated significant differences between the two groups in terms of the change in resistance, reactance at end-inspiration, and the change in reactance (p < 0.05 for all). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that abnormalities in Zrs persist in children and adolescents with a history of preterm birth and that intra-breath oscillometry is more sensitive than is spectral oscillometry. Larger studies are needed in order to validate these findings and to explore the impact that birth weight and gestational age at birth have on Zrs later in life

Fitodisponibilidade de metais e produção de tifton 85 cultivada com diferentes fontes e doses de zinco

The element zinc (Zn) is considered an essential micronutrient to plants, being that the addition of this metal in forage cultivation may cause increment in the productivity. In Brazilian soils are frequent the cases of Zn deficiency, being necessary the fertilization of these areas with this micronutrient. However it must be highlighted that some sources of this micronutrient available in the market present in its composition heavy metals. This work aimed to study the effect of different sources and doses of Zn applied in Tifton 85 and the production of dry matter and the levels of Zn, phosphorus (P), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr) in leaf tissue and the levels Zn, Cd, Pb and Cr in soil. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using a Rhodic oxisol of medium texture. Vases with volume of 4 dm3 were used, which were organized in a completely randomized in factorial scheme (5x4) with three replications. The treatments were the five sources of Zn (A, B, C, D) in four doses of the micronutrient (0, 2, 4, 6 kg ha-1). The results show that did not occurred accumulation of Cd, Pb and Cr in the leaf tissue and Cd and Cr in the soil. The source E provided higher production of dry matter in relation to the sources A, B, C, D. However the source &#39;A&#39; provided higher concentrations of Zn for the forage.O elemento zinco (Zn) &eacute; um micronutriente essencial &agrave;s plantas, sendo que a adi&ccedil;&atilde;o deste em cultivos pode gerar incremento de produtividade. Em solos brasileiros s&atilde;o frequentes os casos de defici&ecirc;ncia de Zn, o que torna necess&aacute;ria a fertiliza&ccedil;&atilde;o destas &aacute;reas com este nutriente. Por&eacute;m deve-se destacar que algumas fontes deste micronutriente dispon&iacute;veis no mercado apresentam em sua composi&ccedil;&atilde;o metais pesados. Este trabalho objetivou estudar o efeito de diferentes fontes e doses de Zn aplicadas na tifton 85 sobre a produ&ccedil;&atilde;o de mat&eacute;ria seca e teores de Zn, f&oacute;sforo (P), c&aacute;dmio (Cd), chumbo (Pb) e cromo (Cr) no tecido vegetal e teores de Zn, Cd, Pb e Cr no solo. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido utilizando-se um Latossolo Vermelho eutr&oacute;fico (LVe) de textura m&eacute;dia. Foram utilizados vasos com o volume de 4 dm3, organizados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), sob esquema fatorial (5x4) e tr&ecirc;s repeti&ccedil;&otilde;es. Os tratamentos foram compostos por cinco fontes de Zn (A, B, C, D, E) e quatro doses do nutriente (0, 2, 4, 6 kg ha-1). Os resultados mostram que n&atilde;o ocorreu ac&uacute;mulo de Cd, Pb e Cr no tecido foliar e de Cd e Cr no solo. Entre as fontes estudadas, a fonte E gerou maior produ&ccedil;&atilde;o de mat&eacute;ria seca em rela&ccedil;&atilde;o as fontes A, B, C, D. J&aacute; a fonte A disponibilizou as maiores concentra&ccedil;&otilde;es de Zn para a forrageira

Detection of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild free-living birds and mammals from the northwest region of São Paulo state, Brazil

Toxoplasmosis is a protozoonosis caused by an obligate intracellular parasite named Toxoplasma gondii, which can infect humans and a large number of homeothermic animal species with worldwide distribution. The present study aimed to detect anti T. gondii antibodies from serological samples of free living wild animals from the northwest region of São Paulo state, Brazil. Thirty-two samples (eight from birds and 24 from mammals) were analyzed by the modified agglutination test (MAT) using 5 cut-off points for birds and 25 for mammals. Seropositivity was observed in 25% (2/8) of birds, including the species Rupornis magnirostris (roadside hawk) and Caracara plancus (southern caracara), and 29.2% (7/24) animals were seropositive among mammals, including one hoary fox (Lycalopex vetulus), two maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus), one black howler monkey (Alouatta caraya), two crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) and one gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira). The results obtained with the present study indicate the exposure to T. gondii of free-living wild animals from the northwest region of São Paulo state and, therefore, that they probably play a role in the transmission and maintenance of T. gondii in the environment they inhabit. Thus, identification of the infection in several animal species in the region indicates the environmental contamination of the area. Studies of this nature may help to understand the importance of the prevention and control of this disease in Brazil.A toxoplasmose é uma protozoonose causada por um parasita intracelular obrigatório denominado Toxoplasma gondii, que pode infectar os humanos e um vasto número de espécies animais homeotérmicas, apresentando distribuição mundial. O presente estudo objetivou a detecção de anticorpos anti-T. gondii a partir de amostras sorológicas de animais silvestres de vida livre da região noroeste do estado de São Paulo. Foram analisadas 32 amostras (oito de aves e 24 de mamíferos) por meio do teste de aglutinação modificado (MAT), utilizando ponto de corte 5 para as aves e 25 para os mamíferos. Soropositividade foi observada em 25% (2/8) das aves, incluindo as espécies Rupornis magnirostris (gavião-carijó) e Caracara plancus (carcará); entre os mamíferos, 29,2% (7/24) foram soropositivos incluindo uma raposa-do-campo (Lycalopex vetulus), dois lobos guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus), um bugio-preto (Alouatta caraya), dois cachorros-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous) e um veado-catingueiro (Mazama gouazoubira). Os resultados obtidos com o presente estudo indicam a exposição dos animais selvagens de vida livre a T. gondii na região noroeste do estado de São Paulo e, portanto, que provavelmente apresentam papel na transmissão e manutenção de T. gondii no meio ambiente em que vivem. Assim, a identificação da infecção em várias espécies de animais na região indica a contaminação ambiental da área. Estudos dessa natureza podem ajudar no entendimento sobre a prevenção e o controle dessa importante doença no Brasil.