Orphan Drugs, Compounded Medication and Pharmaceutical Commons.

Regulatory agencies installed orphan drug regulations to stimulate research and development of new innovative treatments for life-threatening diseases with a low prevalence (rare diseases). We established a list of well-known food-related ingredients with clinical evidence for rare diseases in the open medical literature that obtained marketing authorization as an expensive "orphan drug", protected by intellectual property (IP) rights. We show that these ingredients are part of an established practice of medicinal compounding-a form of point of care manufacturing. We argue that these ingredients should be considered as "pharmaceutical commons", and that regulatory incentives for private companies and market protection mechanisms such as IP rights are not justified in this case

Recyclage urbain et exploitation optimale du stock bâti et du foncier artificialisé

Cette communication aborde le sujet de la production de logements via le recyclage urbain à travers deux analyses visant à objectiver, d’une part, la production actuelle et, d’autre part, le potentiel de densification qu’offre le stock bâti existant et le foncier artificialisé. Par rapport aux analyses précédentes basées sur les données de permis, ces analyses explorent le potentiel d’utilisation des données patrimoniales en vue d’améliorer le monitoring du recyclage urbain. En outre, elles proposent une identification du potentiel de densification à travers des hypothèses de densification douce visant une intégration dans le contexte bâti existant.This paper addresses the issue of housing production through urban recycling through two analyses aiming to objectify, on the one hand, the current production and, on the other hand, the densification potential offered by the existing built stock and the artificial land. Compared to previous analyses based on permit data, these analyses explore the potential of using heritage data to improve the monitoring of urban recycling. In addition, they propose an identification of the densification potential through soft densification hypotheses aiming at an integration in the existing built context.Recherche CPDT 2021 : Intensification des centralités en vue de lutter contre l'étalement urbain et la dépendance à la voiture11. Sustainable cities and communities13. Climate actio

Co-ingestion of black carrot and strawberry : effects on anthocyanin stability, bioaccessibility and uptake

Although the fate of anthocyanins along digestion has been a matter of research over the last decade, their bioaccessibility so far has been mainly assessed for single administered fruits or vegetables, which is far from the real scenario where they are co-ingested in a meal. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of simultaneous intake of fruit and vegetable on in vitro stability, bioaccessibility and uptake of anthocyanins. Black carrot and strawberry were used as food sources of anthocyanins. Anthocyanin identification and quantification were performed using HPLC-Qtof/HPLC-UV. Single matrices and mixtures thereof, were submitted to a standardized in vitro digestion procedure. Anthocyanin uptake was evaluated through an intestinal Caco-2 cell model. Our results showed an increased intestinal stability for specific anthocyanins as a consequence of co-digestion. The presence of the strawberry food matrix positively affected the bioaccessibility of the carrot associated cyanidin-based anthocyanins, whereas no reciprocal effect was observed for pelargonidin-based derivatives in the presence of the black carrot food matrix. Anthocyanin transport was maintained after co-administration. Overall, co-ingestion of black carrot and strawberry did not negatively affect the stability, bioaccessibility or uptake of cyanidin-based anthocyanins, although the effect on pelargonidin-based anthocyanins depended on the type of pelargonidin derivative

Development of a novel methodology to validate optimal sterilization conditions for maximizing the texture quality of white beans in glass jars

Optimal thermal processes were designed for white beans in glass jars heated in a still and end-over-end rotary pilot water cascading retort. For this purpose, isothermal kinetics of thermal softening of white beans were studied in detail using a tenderometer and a texturometer. The fractional conversion model was applied in both cases to model the texture degradation. The Arrhenius equation described well the temperature dependence of the reaction rate constant. With regard to the heat transfer, heat penetration parameters (fh and jh) were experimentally determined from 100 containers under static as well as rotational (end-over-end) conditions at 4, 7, 10, and 15 rpm. Theoretical optimal temperatures, maximizing volume average quality retention, were calculated using a computer program valid for conduction heating foods. Experimental verification of the calculated results was conducted. Considering the finite surface heat transfer coefficient, theoretical and experimental optimal temperatures were of the same order of magnitude, around 130 °C, while for an infinite surface heat transfer coefficient the calculated optimum temperature was much lower than the experimental value. The type of reaction kinetic model, fractional conversion or first-order models, does not significantly affect optimal sterilization temperatures. Although some differences were found, the developed theoretical approach was successfully applied to convective and mixed heating mode products. The use of the correct surface heat transfer coefficient is crucial to design optimal processing conditions

Ni-Al alloys as alternative EUV mask absorber

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography is being industrialized as the next candidate printing technique for high-volume manufacturing of scaled down integrated circuits. At mask level, the combination of EUV light at oblique incidence, absorber thickness, and non-uniform mirror reflectance through incidence angle, creates photomask-induced imaging aberrations, known as mask 3D (M3D) effects. A possible mitigation for the M3D effects in the EUV binary intensity mask (BIM), is to use mask absorber materials with high extinction coefficient k and refractive coefficient n close to unity. We propose nickel aluminide alloys as a candidate BIM absorber material, and characterize them versus a set of specifications that a novel EUV mask absorber must meet. The nickel aluminide samples have reduced crystallinity as compared to metallic nickel, and form a passivating surface oxide layer in neutral solutions. Composition and density profile are investigated to estimate the optical constants, which are then validated with EUV reflectometry. An oxidation-induced Al L2 absorption edge shift is observed, which significantly impacts the value of n at 13.5 nm wavelength and moves it closer to unity. The measured optical constants are incorporated in an accurate mask model for rigorous simulations. The M3D imaging impact of the nickel aluminide alloy mask absorbers, which predict significant M3D reduction in comparison to reference absorber materials. In this paper, we present an extensive experimental methodology flow to evaluate candidate mask absorber materials

Embedding fragment ab initio model potentials in CASSCF/CASPT2 calculations of doped solids: implementation and applications

In this article, we present a fragment model potential approach for the description of the crystalline environment as an extension of the use of embedding ab initio model potentials (AIMPs). The biggest limitation of the embedding AIMP method is the spherical nature of its model potentials. This poses problems as soon as the method is applied to crystals containing strongly covalently bonded structures with highly nonspherical electron densities. The newly proposed method addresses this problem by keeping the full electron density as its model potential, thus allowing one to group sets of covalently bonded atoms into fragments. The implementation in the MOLCAS 7.0 quantum chemistry package of the new method, which we call the embedding fragment ab inito model potential method (embedding FAIMP), is reported here, together with results of CASSCF/CASPT2 calculations. The developed methodology is applied for two test problems: (i) the investigation of the lowest ligand field states (2)A(1) and B-2(1) of the Cr(V) defect in the YVO4 crystal and (ii) the investigation of the lowest ligand field and ligand-metal charge transfer (LMCT) states at the Mn(II) substitutional impurity doped into CaCO3. Comparison with similar calculations involving AIMPs for all environmental atoms, including those from covalently bounded units, shows that the FAIMP treatment of the YVO4 units surrounding the CrO43- cluster increases the excitation energy B-2(1) -> (2)A(1) by ca. 1000 cm(-1) at the CASSCF level of calculation. In the case of the Mn(CO3)(6)(10-) cluster, the FAIMP treatment of the CO32- units of the environment give smaller corrections, of ca. 100 cm(-1), for the ligand-field excitation energies, which is explained by the larger ligands of this cluster. However, the correction for the energy of the lowest LMCT transition is found to be ca. 600 cm(-1) for the CASSCF and ca. 1300 cm(-1) for the CASPT2 calculation

Benchmark consacré aux dispositifs de régulation des implantations commerciales

Intensification et requalification des centralités pour lutter contre l’étalement urbain et la dépendance à la voitur

Comment objectiver les moyens et outils à utiliser pour réduire l’artificialisation ?

Afin d’atteindre les objectifs de réduction de l’artificialisation, l’objectivation des tendances en cours, des moyens et outils à utiliser apparait comme une aide à la décision indispensable pour les autorités. Cet atelier fait un focus sur différents éléments mis en avant par la recherche CPDT « Intensification et requalification des centralités pour lutter contre l’étalement urbain et la dépendance à la voiture » - Volet 2. L’atelier proposé s’organise autour de trois grands axes : (i) contextualisation de la lutte contre l’artificialisation des sols, (ii) tendances et perspectives relatives à l’artificialisation et au recyclage urbain et (iii) objectivation de quelques mesures/actions/outils envisageables pour réduire l’artificialisation.recherche CPDT « Intensification et requalification des centralités pour lutter contre l’étalement urbain et la dépendance à la voiture »11. Sustainable cities and communities13. Climate action15. Life on lan

Bilan de l'artificialisation des sols en Wallonie

Intensification et requalification des centralités pour lutter contre l’étalement urbain et la dépendance à la voitur