321 research outputs found
âHys worthy deedes might be eternized in the Bookes of memorieâ: Syncretic Memory in Richard Johnsonâs Chivalric Romances and Shakespeareâs 2 Henry VI
2 Henry VI (1590) de Shakespeare, The Nine Worthies of London (1592) et The Seven Champions of Christendom (1596) de Richard Johnson sont des Ćuvres littĂ©raires prĂ©sentant des personnages historiques cĂ©lĂšbres, des saints patrons et des bourgeois hĂ©roĂŻques. Ces deux auteurs ont remis au goĂ»t du jour les hĂ©ros issus dâun passĂ© national glorieux en rĂ©Ă©crivant leurs exploits. Dans les rĂ©cits chevaleresques de Richard Johnson et dans les piĂšces historiques de Shakespeare, le passĂ© empiĂšte sur le prĂ©sent dans un Ă©lan littĂ©raire visant Ă instaurer une mĂ©moire collective. Le rappel de ces actes de bravoure fait jouer la fibre nostalgique de façon dĂ©libĂ©rĂ©e.Shakespeareâs 2 Henry VI (1590) and Richard Johnsonâs The Nine Worthies of London (1592) and The Seven Champions of Christendom (1596) are literary works focusing on famous historical figures, patron saints and heroic citizens. These two writers have revived the heroes of a glorious national past through the re-enactment of their high deeds. In Richard Johnsonâs chivalric romances and Shakespeareâs history plays, the past impinges on the present in a literary longing for collective remembrance. This summoning of past acts of bravery makes use of nostalgia with a purpose
New business opportunities for European companies in Asia within the infrastructure sector - C) energy
This report aims to identify expansion opportunities for European companies with in a selected country that promises the best growth and investment potential. After careful analyses, Vietnam emerges as the most appropriate country to study. Further more, the energy sector is promising and offers a lot of potential. It appears that the Vietnamese Energy sector needs experienced partners as its side to further develop. European companies offer the expertise to close existing gaps and boost Vietnamâs Energy industry, particularly with in the wind power energy market
Coupled opto-electronic simulation of organic bulk-heterojunction solar cells: parameter extraction and sensitivity analysis
A general problem arising in computer simulations is the number of material
and device parameters, which have to be determined by dedicated experiments and
simulation-based parameter extraction. In this study we analyze measurements of
the short-circuit current dependence on the active layer thickness and
current-voltage curves in poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid
methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) based solar cells. We have identified a set of
parameter values including dissociation parameters that describe the
experimental data. The overall agreement of our model with experiment is good,
however a discrepancy in the thickness dependence of the current-voltage curve
questions the influence of the electric field in the dissociation process. In
addition transient simulations are analyzed which show that a measurement of
the turn-off photocurrent can be useful for estimating charge carrier
mobilities.Comment: 10 pages, 12 figures, 2 tables, Accepted for publication in Journal
of Applied Physic
« The Brave Sparks of the City » : Les apprentis dans les comédies citadines, citoyens de second ordre ou citoyens en devenir ?
Lâaccession Ă la citoyennetĂ© londonienne ne pouvait avoir lieu quâĂ lâissue dâun long apprentissage. AprĂšs lâobtention de sa libertĂ© et quelques annĂ©es de compagnonnage, lâapprenti ambitionnait de devenir Ă son tour maĂźtre dâapprentissage et propriĂ©taire de son atelier. Le systĂšme corporatiste assurait ainsi sa pĂ©rennitĂ© en rĂ©gulant le comportement des apprentis. DĂšs lors, leur progression sociale dĂ©pendait de leur capacitĂ© Ă se plier au jugement du maĂźtre dâapprentissage et Ă patienter jusquâĂ lâobtention de leur salutaire libertĂ©. Les piĂšces de Thomas Dekker, Thomas Heywood, Philip Massinger et William Rowley ont transposĂ© lâapprentissage sur scĂšne et ont fait de lâapprenti un personnage de rĂ©pertoire tour Ă tour veule et hĂ©roĂŻque, fustigeant ses excĂšs ou encensant ses exploits. Dans la reprĂ©sentation quâelles donnent de lâapprentissage, les comĂ©dies citadines ont fidĂšlement dĂ©crit la vie de la CitĂ© et de ses corporations. Elles ont Ă©galement instaurĂ© une citoyennetĂ© fantasmĂ©e accessible Ă tous ceux qui Ă©taient prĂȘts Ă fournir les efforts nĂ©cessaires pour lâobtenir.âThe Brave Sparks of the Cityâ: Apprentices in City Comedies â Would-be Citizens or Citizens to Be? Access to citizenship required a long apprenticeship. After the apprentice had been sworn a freeman and spent a few years as a journeyman, his ambition was to become in his turn a master and a householder. Thus, the system of livery companies perpetuated itself by controlling the apprenticesâ behaviour. So, the apprenticesâ upward mobility depended on their ability to comply with their masterâs judgment and to be patient until they obtained their salutary freedom. Thomas Dekkerâs, Thomas Heywoodâs, Philip Massingerâs and William Rowleyâs plays all stage the training of apprentices, thus making the apprentice a stock character, criticising his excesses and praising his high deeds. Through the representation of apprenticeship, city comedies have faithfully described the life of the City and that of its livery companies. They have also established a fantasized citizenship accessible to all those who were ready to make every endeavour to obtain it
Les prostanoïdes contrÎlent la circulation placentaire : implication dans la prééclampsie
Au cours de la grossesse, une perfusion placentaire adĂ©quate est indispensable au bon dĂ©veloppement du fĆtus. Dans certaines maladies comme la prĂ©Ă©clampsie, celle-ci est altĂ©rĂ©e, compromettant ainsi la vie du fĆtus, mais aussi celle de sa mĂšre. Le retrait du placenta mĂšne Ă la disparition des symptĂŽmes de la prĂ©Ă©clampsie, suggĂ©rant un rĂŽle central de ce dernier dans la maladie. Le placenta Ă©tant dĂ©pourvu dâinnervation autonome, le tonus vasculaire placentaire doit ĂȘtre sous le contrĂŽle de facteurs humoraux et tissulaires. Les vaisseaux placentaires sont trĂšs rĂ©actifs aux prostanoĂŻdes. Le rapport thromboxane A2 (TXA2)/prostacycline (PGI2) est fortement augmentĂ© dans les placentas de grossesses avec prĂ©Ă©clampsie. De plus, le taux dâisoprostane, marqueur du stress oxydatif, est accru dans les placentas de femmes avec prĂ©Ă©clampsie. Finalement, la prĂ©Ă©clampsie sâaccompagne dâun stress oxydatif placentaire marquĂ©. Les espĂšces rĂ©actives de lâoxygĂšne sont connues dâune part, pour oxyder lâacide arachidonique (AA), formant ainsi des isoprostanes et dâautre part, pour augmenter la production de TXA2 dans diffĂ©rents tissus, suite Ă lâactivation des cyclooxygĂ©nases (COXs). Nous proposons que :
1. les prostanoïdes sont parmi les molécules endogÚnes qui contrÎlent le tonus vasculaire placentaire.
2. la maladie modifie la réponse aux isoprostanes dans les vaisseaux placentaires.
3. lâinduction dâun stress oxydatif placentaire entraĂźne une rĂ©ponse vasoactive par activation de la voie du mĂ©tabolisme de lâAA.
Nous avons tout dâabord montrĂ©, dans des placentas obtenus de grossesses normotensives, que lâU-46619, un mimĂ©tique de la TXA2, de mĂȘme que lâisoprostane, 8-iso-prostaglandine E2 (8-isoPGE2), ont augmentĂ© fortement la pression de perfusion dans les cotylĂ©dons perfusĂ©s in vitro et la tension dans les anneaux dâartĂšres chorioniques suspendus dans des bains Ă organe isolĂ©. En revanche, dans les artĂšres chorioniques de placentas obtenus de grossesses avec prĂ©Ă©clampsie, ces rĂ©ponses Ă©taient modifiĂ©es puisque la rĂ©ponse maximale Ă lâU-46619 Ă©tait augmentĂ©e et celle Ă la 8-isoPGE2 diminuĂ©e. Dâautre part, nous avons montrĂ© que les rĂ©ponses maximales aux deux prostanoĂŻdes Ă©taient augmentĂ©es dans les vaisseaux placentaires de grossesse normale ou avec prĂ©Ă©clampsie issus dâune dĂ©livrance prĂ©maturĂ©e par rapport Ă ceux dâune dĂ©livrance Ă terme. Ceci suggĂšre une Ă©volution de la rĂ©activitĂ© des artĂšres placentaires au cours du 3e trimestre de grossesse. En outre, les vaisseaux placentaires ont rĂ©pondu aux prostanoĂŻdes de façon semblable quâils aient Ă©tĂ© issus dâun accouchement vaginal ou dâune cĂ©sarienne Ă©lective. Ceci indique que les prostanoĂŻdes placentaires nâinterviennent pas dans le processus de dĂ©livrance. Dâun autre cĂŽtĂ©, lâutilisation de bloqueurs spĂ©cifiques des rĂ©cepteurs TP Ă la TXA2, le SQ29,548 et lâICI192,605, et des rĂ©cepteurs EP Ă la prostaglandine E2, lâAH6809, nous ont permis de mettre en Ă©vidence le fait que lâU-46619 et la 8-isoPGE2 pouvaient agir de façon non-sĂ©lective sur lâun ou lâautre des rĂ©cepteurs. Ces rĂ©sultats supportent donc nos 2 premiĂšres hypothĂšses : les prostanoĂŻdes font partie des molĂ©cules endogĂšnes qui peuvent contrĂŽler le tonus vasculaire placentaire et la prĂ©Ă©clampsie modifie la rĂ©ponse aux isoprostanes dans les artĂšres chorioniques dâune maniĂšre compatible avec lâaugmentation de la production de ces substances qui elle, est probablement le rĂ©sultat du stress oxydatif.
En revanche, en ce qui concerne les substances capables de jouer la contrepartie vasodilatatrice, lâutilisation dâun inhibiteur des synthases de monoxyde dâazote, le L-NAME, et celle dâinhibiteurs des COXs, lâibuprofĂšne, lâindomĂ©tacine et le N-2PIA, ne nous a pas permis de mettre en Ă©vidence un quelconque rĂŽle du monoxyde dâazote ou des prostanoĂŻdes vasodilatatrices Ă ce niveau.
Finalement, nous avons montrĂ© que lâinduction dâun stress oxydatif dans les cotylĂ©dons perfusĂ©s in vitro et les artĂšres chorioniques entraĂźnait une vasoconstriction marquĂ©e. Celle-ci semble rĂ©sulter de lâaction des prostanoĂŻdes puisquâun blocage des rĂ©cepteurs TP ou des COXs diminuait significativement la rĂ©ponse maximale au peroxyde dâhydrogĂšne. Les prostanoĂŻdes impliquĂ©es dans la rĂ©ponse au stress oxydatif proviendraient essentiellement dâune activation des COXs puisque lâĂ©tude ne nous permet pas de conclure Ă une quelconque implication des isoprostanes dans cette rĂ©ponse. Ces observations confirment donc notre hypothĂšse que, dans le placenta, le stress oxydatif possĂšde des propriĂ©tĂ©s vasoactives par activation du mĂ©tabolisme de lâAA.
En rĂ©sumĂ©, les rĂ©sultats obtenus dans les placentas de grossesses normotensives et avec prĂ©Ă©clampsie suggĂšrent que les prostanoĂŻdes sont des molĂ©cules dâimportance dans la rĂ©gulation du tonus vasculaire placentaire. Le fait que la prĂ©Ă©clampsie modifie la rĂ©ponse aux prostanoĂŻdes pourrait expliquer pourquoi la perfusion placentaire est altĂ©rĂ©e chez ces patientes. En outre, il apparaĂźt Ă©vident quâil existe un lien Ă©troit entre le stress oxydatif et la voie de synthĂšse des prostanoĂŻdes placentaires. Cependant dâautres Ă©tudes sont nĂ©cessaires pour mieux comprendre la nature de ce lien, qui pourrait, dâune certaine façon, jouer un rĂŽle important dans le dĂ©veloppement de la prĂ©Ă©clampsie.Throughout pregnancy, appropriate placental perfusion is essential for the fĆtus to grow properly. In disease such as preeclampsia, placental perfusion is impaired, compromising the fĆtus and motherâs lives. Placenta delivery leads to a complete disappearance of the clinical symptoms of preeclampsia. This suggests that the placenta plays a central role in the disease. Placenta being devoid of autonomous innervation, placental vascular tone needs to be under the control of humoral and tissular factors; placental arteries are very reactive to prostanoids. The thromboxane A2 (TXA2)/prostacyclin (PGI2) ratio is increased in placenta from preeclamptic women. Furthermore, in placenta from preeclamptic pregnancies, isoprostane rate is increased, which is a marker of oxidative stress. Finally, preeclampsia is characterised by an important oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species are known to form isoprostane through the oxidation of arachidonic acid (AA) and to increase TXA2 production in various tissues following an activation of the cyclooxygenases (COXs). We postulate that:
1. prostanoids are among the endogenous molecules that control placental vascular tone.
2. preeclampsia alters responses to isoprostanes in placental vessels.
3. induced placental oxidative stress leads to vasoactive responses through the activation of the AA metabolism.
We first showed in placentas from normotensive pregnancies that the TXA2 mimetic U-46619 and the isoprostane 8-isoprostaglandin E2 (8-isoPGE2) markedly increased perfusion pressure in in vitro perfused cotyledons, as well as tension in isolated chorionic arteries. However, in placentas obtained from women with preeclampsia, those responses were altered in chorionic arteries. Indeed, maximal response to U-46619 was raised by preeclampsia, while the one to 8-isoPGE2 was decreased. We then showed that preterm delivery increased maximal responses to both prostanoids compared to term delivery. This observation suggests that placental arteries reactivity evolves along the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. Nevertheless, it appeared that delivery mode had no effect on vascular responses to prostanoids, suggesting that placental prostanoids are not involved in the delivery process. The use of specific blockers of the TXA2 TP receptors, SQ29,548 and ICI192,605, and of the prostaglandin E2 EP receptors, AH6809, revealed that U-46619 and 8-isoPGE2 could mediate their effects by acting on both receptors in a non-selective manner. Therefore, these results support our two first postulates: prostanoids could be the endogenous substances controlling the placental vascular tone and preeclampsia alters responses to isoprostanes in chorionic artery rings in a way compatible with the increased production of these substances possibly through the associated oxidative stress.
Moreover, we were unable to identify any vasodilator substances capable of counteracting the effects of vasoconstrictors in the placental circulation. Indeed, blocker of nitric oxide synthases, L-NAME, as well as blockers of COXs, ibuprofen, indometacin and N-2PIA, did not reveal any effect of nitric oxide and vasodilator prostanoids at this level.
Finally, we showed that induction of oxidative stress in in vitro perfused cotyledons and in isolated chorionic artery rings led to marked vasoconstriction. This would result from the action of prostanoids since a blockade of TP receptors or COXs significantly decreased maximal response to hydrogen peroxide. Prostanoids involved in this response would essentially come from COX activation. Indeed, the present results did not show any concrete involvement of isoprostane substances in the response to oxidative stress. Consequently, these observations confirm our hypothesis that, in the placenta, oxidative stress presents some vasoactive properties through the activation of the AA metabolism.
In summary, results obtained in placentas from normotensive and preeclamptic pregnancies suggest that prostanoids are important in the regulation of the placental vascular tone. Furthermore, responses to prostanoids in chorionic arteries are altered by preeclampsia, which could explain why the placental perfusion is impaired in the disease. Moreover, it seems clear that there is a close relationship between oxidative stress and synthesis of placental prostanoids. However, more investigations are needed to better understand the nature of this relationship, which, in some way, could play an important role in the development of preeclampsia
Avant-Propos
Shakespeare et la mĂ©moire Pour inventer de nouveaux styles, de nouvelles interprĂ©tations, de nouveaux modĂšles imaginaires, Shakespeare et ses contemporains puisent aux sources les plus anciennes ou les plus souvent imitĂ©es de leur mĂ©moire culturelle, la littĂ©rature, lâhistoire, la lĂ©gende, la mythologie, lâiconographie, etc. Dans le mĂȘme temps, une crise sans prĂ©cĂ©dent des savoirs et des reprĂ©sentations collectives remet en cause ces connaissances acquises et ces pratiques crĂ©atrices saturĂ©es..
Foreword
Shakespeare and memory Shakespeare and his contemporaries invent new styles, interpretations or imaginary models by tapping the most ancient sources of collective memory, those most frequently imitated, in literature, history, legend, mythology, iconography⊠Simultaneously, an unprecedented crisis in learning and representations questions the validity of creative methods based on such acquired knowledge, saturated with references to the past Europe was built on, thus shaking its constitutive ..
Avant-Propos
Shakespeare et la mĂ©moire Pour inventer de nouveaux styles, de nouvelles interprĂ©tations, de nouveaux modĂšles imaginaires, Shakespeare et ses contemporains puisent aux sources les plus anciennes ou les plus souvent imitĂ©es de leur mĂ©moire culturelle, la littĂ©rature, lâhistoire, la lĂ©gende, la mythologie, lâiconographie, etc. Dans le mĂȘme temps, une crise sans prĂ©cĂ©dent des savoirs et des reprĂ©sentations collectives remet en cause ces connaissances acquises et ces pratiques crĂ©atrices saturĂ©es..
Foreword
Arts of the table are not far removed from performing arts. The table is a stage. It has its actors, its backstage, its sets, its props, its rules, its mises en scĂšne, its lighting and musical effects. In English, âboardsâ can refer both to a table and a stage â either of which can indifferently be designated by âtrĂ©teauxâ (trestles) in French. The early modern stage abundantly feeds on this spectacular and festive matter. Plays by Shakespeare or by his contemporaries, notably Heywood, Kyd, M..
Avant-Propos
Les arts de la table sont des arts du spectacle. La table est un thĂ©Ăątre. Elle a ses acteurs, ses coulisses, ses dĂ©cors, ses accessoires, ses rĂšgles, ses mises en scĂšne, ses Ă©clairages, ses musiques. En français, on parle aussi bien de « trĂ©teaux » lorsquâil sâagit de dresser une table que lorsquâil sâagit de monter « sur les planches », ces derniĂšres, « boards » renvoyant en anglais tout aussi bien Ă la scĂšne quâĂ la table. Le rĂ©pertoire Ă©lisabĂ©thain se nourrit abondamment de cette matiĂšre s..
- âŠ