Indonesian Subtitling and Dubbing of The Protagonist’ Declarative Utterances in_Superbook_Series, Episode “Jonah”: A Study of Strategies and Error Analysis

Subtitling and dubbing are crucial translation services that enable viewers to enjoy content from different countries without language barriers. The quality of these translations significantly impacts the viewing experience. This study aims to (1) analyze the translation strategies employed by machine translators (MT) and human translators (HT) in subtitling and dubbing, and (2) identify and categorize translation errors concept of declarative utterances by the protagonist in the Superbook series titled Jonah. The research employs Gottlieb's theory of subtitling strategies and Koponen's theory of error translation. The data collection and analysis involve library research to gather expert information and explicatory research for an in-depth examination of the translations. This approach allows for a comprehensive understanding of the translation processes and potential improvements in the subtitling and dubbing industries. The results reveal 23 errors in both machine and human translations. Dubbing errors predominantly involve substituted concepts (8), indicating contextually appropriate or valid word replacements chosen by human translators. In contrast, subtitling errors frequently involve mistranslated concepts (3), suggesting inaccuracies in machine translations. Human translators in dubbing often use paraphrase (5) strategies to enhance translation efficiency and address unreconstructed patterns in the source text. Machine translators in subtitling predominantly employ the transfer strategy (10), retaining the source language words in the target language without alteration. This study highlights the importance of understanding translation strategies and errors in subtitling and dubbing to improve translation quality and enhance the viewing experience for audiences worldwide

An observational cohort study to evaluate the use of serum Raman spectroscopy in a rapid diagnosis center setting

Cancer presenting with non-specific vague symptoms remains a clinical challenge. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of serum Raman spectroscopy for cancer detection in a rapid diagnosis center (RDC) setting. The primary aim was to identify significant spectral peaks of change in sera from cancer patients and the secondary aim was to assign molecular species at Raman peaks.In this prospective observation study of a secondary care RDC, patients referred with vague cancer-related symptoms were recruited. Raman spectra of blood sera of 54 patients was obtained. Of these, 10 patients were diagnosed with cancer, and 44 no significant pathology (control). Common spectral increase/decrease between control and cancer was seen in spectral peaks 830 cm−1, 878 cm−1, 1031 cm−1, 1174 cm−1, 1397 cm−1 tentatively attributed to amino acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, and proteins. Individual differences between cancer and control via statistical analysis identifies 3 peaks with significance for all 10 of the cancer patients. The peaks are 878 cm−1, 1449 cm−1 and 1519 cm−1, tentatively attributed to proteins, amino acids, lipids, fatty acids, glycoproteins, carbohydrates, and carotenoids. Differences are also seen for at least 9 of the cancers in the peaks at 830 cm−1, 851 cm−1, 1127 cm−1, 1174 cm−1, 1270 cm−1, and 1656 cm−1, tentatively attributed to amino acids, lactate, lipids, triglycerides, carbohydrates, and proteins.Raman spectroscopy has the potential to enhance RDC referral criteria through the detection of peak differences seen commonly with different cancer types. Development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) based models could enable rapid detection and discrimination of different cancer types with more data availability

La transmisión de los valores de género en Educación Infantil

Las sociedades que encontramos, diferentes en cada país que forma el mundo, han avanzado significativamente conforme al pasado y, aunque es una buena noticia, no es la mejor. Para poder llegar al objetivo, los maestros y maestras, desde la Educación Infantil, deben transmitir a los niños y niñas valores como el respeto, el valor de la equidad, la igualdad y ser tolerante con las personas, así como transmitirles que tienen el poder de, en un futuro (o en su presente), reivindicar todo aquello que crean que deba ser cambiado. Deben enseñarles el valor del esfuerzo, la solidaridad y la importancia de cuidar a los cercanos tanto como a aquellos que no conocen. Con todas las personas unidas por un mismo pensamiento libre y abierto podemos conseguir una sociedad que acepta a todos y todas y que no pone a nadie por delante, una sociedad por la que se ha estado luchando muchos años, y por la que se seguirá batallando. Por ello, la educación en igualdad es la idílica para conseguir una convivencia pacífica que dure lo máximo posible, adaptándose a todos los pensamientos y personalidades de los seres humanos en su totalidad. Palabras clave: educación en igualdad, educación infantil, sociedad actual, propuesta de acción.<br /

Bovine Neutrophils Release Extracellular Traps and Cooperate With Macrophages in Mycobacterium Avium Subsp. Paratuberculosis Clearance In Vitro

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) is the underlying pathogen causing bovine paratuberculosis (PTB), an enteric granulomatous disease that mainly affects ruminants and for which an effective treatment is needed. Macrophages are the primary target cells for Map, which survives and replicates intracellularly by inhibiting phagosome maturation. Neutrophils are present at disease sites during the early stages of the infection, but seem to be absent in the late stage, in contrast to healthy tissue. Although neutrophil activity has been reported to be impaired following Map infection, their role in PTB pathogenesis has not been fully defined. Neutrophils are capable of releasing extracellular traps consisting of extruded DNA and proteins that immobilize and kill microorganisms, but this mechanism has not been evaluated against Map. Our main objective was to study the interaction of neutrophils with macrophages during an in vitro mycobacterial infection. For this purpose, neutrophils and macrophages from the same animal were cultured alone or together in the presence of Map or Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus-Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Extracellular trap release, mycobacteria killing as well as IL-1 beta and IL-8 release were assessed. Neutrophils released extracellular traps against mycobacteria when cultured alone and in the presence of macrophages without direct cell contact, but resulted inhibited in direct contact. Macrophages were extremely efficient at killing BCG, but ineffective at killing Map. In contrast, neutrophils showed similar killing rates for both mycobacteria. Co-cultures infected with Map showed the expected killing effect of combining both cell types, whereas co-cultures infected with BCG showed a potentiated killing effect beyond the expected one, indicating a potential synergistic cooperation. In both cases, IL-1 beta and IL-8 levels were lower in co-cultures, suggestive of a reduced inflammatory reaction. These data indicate that cooperation of both cell types can be beneficial in terms of decreasing the inflammatory reaction while the effective elimination of Map can be compromised. These results suggest that neutrophils are effective at Map killing and can exert protective mechanisms against Map that seem to fail during PTB disease after the arrival of macrophages at the infection siteFunding was provided by Spanish central government and Basque research project PROBAK (RTA 2017-00089-00-00) and by the Departamento de Economia e Infraestructuras of the Basque Government. IL-A held a predoctoral grant from Departamento de Economia e Infraestructuras of the Basque Government (2017) and was granted an EMBO short-term fellowship (8407) and a FEMS research and training grant (FEMS-GO-2019-507). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publicatio

Granuloma periapical: tratamiento convencional. Reporte de un caso

Root granulomas are chronic periapical lesions, considered direct sequels of infectious processes resulting from pulp necrosis, extending into the periradicular region. The granulomas can occur due to failures in hard tissues, resulting from caries, fractures and surgical procedures. A conventional endodontic treatment was done with crown down technique in a patient of 15 years old with a diagnosis of periapical granuloma (chronic nonsuppurative apical periodontitis) and subsequent recovery from injury in tooth 36.Los Granulomas radiculares son lesiones periapicales crónicas, consideradas secuelas directas de procesos infecciosos resultantes de la necrosis pulpar, extendiéndose hacia la región perirradicular. Los granulomas se pueden presentar por fallas en los tejidos duros, resultantes de caries, fracturas y procedimientos quirúrgicos. Se realizó tratamiento de endodoncia convencional con preparación invertida a paciente de 15 años con diagnóstico de Granuloma periapical (periodontitis apical asintomática)y su posterior recuperación de la lesión de órgano dentario 36. (DUAZARY 2013 No. 2, 141 - 144

Differential receptor binding and regulatory mechanisms for the lymphangiogenic growth factors VEGF-C and VEGF-D

VEGF-C and VEGF-D are secreted glycoproteins that induce angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in cancer, thereby promoting tumor growth and spread. They exhibit structural homology and activate VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3, receptors on endothelial cells that signal for growth of blood vessels and lymphatics. VEGF-C and VEGF-D were thought to exhibit similar bioactivities, yet recent studies indicated distinct signaling mechanisms (e.g. tumor-derived VEGF-C promoted expression of the prostaglandin biosynthetic enzyme COX-2 in lymphatics, a response thought to facilitate metastasis via the lymphatic vasculature, whereas VEGF-D did not). Here we explore the basis of the distinct bioactivities of VEGF-D using a neutralizing antibody, peptide mapping, and mutagenesis to demonstrate that the N-terminal α-helix of mature VEGF-D (Phe(93)–Arg(108)) is critical for binding VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3. Importantly, the N-terminal part of this α-helix, from Phe(93) to Thr(98), is required for binding VEGFR-3 but not VEGFR-2. Surprisingly, the corresponding part of the α-helix in mature VEGF-C did not influence binding to either VEGFR-2 or VEGFR-3, indicating distinct determinants of receptor binding by these growth factors. A variant of mature VEGF-D harboring a mutation in the N-terminal α-helix, D103A, exhibited enhanced potency for activating VEGFR-3, was able to promote increased COX-2 mRNA levels in lymphatic endothelial cells, and had enhanced capacity to induce lymphatic sprouting in vivo. This mutant may be useful for developing protein-based therapeutics to drive lymphangiogenesis in clinical settings, such as lymphedema. Our studies shed light on the VEGF-D structure/function relationship and provide a basis for understanding functional differences compared with VEGF-C