Methods for sequential resonance assignment in solid, uniformly 13C, 15N labelled peptides: Quantification and application to antamanide

The application of adiabatic polarization-transfer experiments to resonance assignment in solid, uniformly 13C-15N-labelled polypeptides is demonstrated for the cyclic decapeptide antamanide. A homonuclear correlation experiment employing the DREAM sequence for adiabatic dipolar transfer yields a complete assignment of the Cα and aliphatic side-chain 13C resonances to amino acid types. The same information can be obtained from a TOBSY experiment using the recently introduced P91 12 TOBSY sequence, which employs the J couplings as a transfer mechanism. A comparison of the two methods is presented. Except for some aromatic phenylalanine resonances, a complete sequence-specific assignment of the 13C and 15N resonances in antamanide is achieved by a series of selective or broadband adiabatic triple-resonance experiments. Heteronuclear transfer by adiabatic-passage Hartmann-Hahn cross polarization is combined with adiabatic homonuclear transfer by the DREAM and rotational-resonance tickling sequences into two- and three-dimensional experiments. The performance of these experiments is evaluated quantitativel

Methods for sequential resonance assignment in solid, uniformly 13C, 15N labelled peptides: Quantification and application to antamanide

ISSN:0925-2738ISSN:1573-500

Seismic reflectivity of the sediment-covered seafloor: Effects of velocity gradients and fine-scale layering

Knowledge of the reflectivity of the sediment-covered seabed is of significant importance to marine seismic data acquisition and interpretation as it governs the generation of reverberations in the water layer. In this context pertinent, but largely unresolved, questions concern the importance of the typically very prominent vertical seismic velocity gradients as well as the potential presence and magnitude of anisotropy in soft surficial seabed sediments. To address these issues, we explore the seismic properties of granulometric end-member-type clastic sedimentary seabed models consisting of sand, silt, and clay as well as scale-invariant stochastic layer sequences of these components characterized by realistic vertical gradients of the P- and S-wave velocities. Using effective media theory, we then assess the nature and magnitude of seismic anisotropy associated with these models. Our results indicate that anisotropy is rather benign for P-waves, and that the S-wave velocities in the axial directions differ only slightly. Because of the very high P- to S-wave velocity ratios in the vicinity of the seabed our models nevertheless suggest that S-wave triplications may occur at very small incidence angles. To numerically evaluate the P-wave reflection coefficient of our seabed models, we apply a frequency-slowness technique to the corresponding synthetic seismic wavefields. Comparison with analytical plane-wave reflection coefficients calculated for corresponding isotropic elastic half-space models shows that the differences tend to be most pronounced in the vicinity of the elastic equivalent of the critical angle as well as in the post-critical range. We also find that the presence of intrinsic anisotropy in the clay component of our layered models tends to dramatically reduce the overall magnitude of the P-wave reflection coefficient as well as its variation with incidence angle