TOXICITY AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY FROM EXTRACT AND OLEANAN DERIVATIVE COMPOUNDS OF THE BARK MELOCHIA UMBELLATE (HOUTT) STAPF VAR. DEGRABRATA

Oleanan derivative compound namely 3-acetyl-12-oleanen-28-oic acid, has been isolated from n-hexane fraction of the bark M. umbellate (Houtt) Stapf var. degrabrata The\ud molecular structure was determined by IR spectroscopy, NMR 1D and 2D (1H-NMR, 13CNMR, DEPT, COSY, HMQC and HMBC). The results of test bioactivity to hexane,\ud chloroform, ethyl acetic, methanol extracts and compound 1 mentioned above showed\ud that they are toxic to A. salina (brine shrimp) with LC50 361.93 to 460 ??g/mL. The most\ud toxic one was the compound 1 with the LC50 value of 361.93 ??g/mL. At a concentration of 1000 ??g/mL, the extract of hexane, methanol and compound 1 showed very high\ud inhibition to the growth of B. subtilis and C.albican, whereas the extract of ethyl acetate\ud had very high inhibition effect to the growth of S. aureus and A. niger. The inhibition zone\ud of the three extracts and compound 1 were greater than 14 mm. On the other hand, the\ud extracts of chloroform gave weak inhibition against bacteria and fungi

Isolasi, Karakterisasi, dan Uji Bioaktivitas Metabolit Sekunder dari Hydroid Aglaophenia Cupressina Lamoureoux sebagai Bahan Dasar Antimikroba

Isolation, structure elucidation, activity test against Salmonella thypi, Staphylococcus aureus of secondary metabolite from hydroid Aglaophenia cupressina Lamoureoux, were conducted. This study was aimed to identify and isolate the compound with antibacterial properties of hydroid Aglaophenia crupessina Lamoureoux. This study used stepwise method with the following sequences: extraction, isolation, purification, structure elucidation, and bioactivity test. Study results indicated three compounds found: (1)carboxylate acid compound: hexadecanoic acid and has antibacterial properties; (2) alkaloidcompound which was considered as a new compound: aglaounhas and has antimicrobialproperties; (3) steroid compound: β-sitosterol with no antimicrobial properties

ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF THE GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES USING OXYGEN RADICAL ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY (ORAC), 2,2′-AZINO-BIS (3-ETHYLBENZOTHIAZOLINE-6-SULPHONIC ACID(ABTS) AND 2,2-DIPHENYL-1-PICRYLHYDRAZYL (DPPH) ASSAYS

Antioxidants are believed to play a very important role in the body defence system against reactive oxygen species (ROS), the harmful by-products that are generated during normal aerobic cell respiration. The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant capacity in green leafy vegetables using ORAC, ABTS, and DPPH assays of different polyphenol fractions (free phenolic, alkaline hydrolysate, acidic hydrolysate). The antioxidant capacity of the identified free and bound phenolic acid content was measured using different assays including ORAC, ABTS, and DPPH assay (end-point assay and kinetic assay). Only hydrophilic antioxidant activities of all selected samples were examined using ORAC assay. Strong correlations were observed in acidic and alkaline hydrolysate fractions (p<0.01) as determined by ORAC and ABTS assays, respectively. In the free phenolic acid extracts, the O. basilicum (Sweet basil) ranked first, had highest antioxidant capacities of 521804±4243 µmol TE/100g DW, 329.8±0.4mg TE/g DW and 9.0±1.8 µg GAE/g DW as determined by ORAC, ABTS and DPPH, respectively. . The A. occidentale (Cashew shoot) in the alkaline hydrolysate extract showed a greatest antioxidant capacity in all three assays: 889126±7193 µmol TE/100g DW, 466.5±7.9 mg TE/g DW and 3.5±0.4 µg GAE/g DW as measured by ORAC, ABTS and DPPH, separately. While, in acidic hydrolysate, the A. occidentale (Cashew shoot) extract also dominated the antioxidant capacity with (560504±5785 µmol TE/100g DW, 387±0.7 mg TE/g DW and 5.9±0.5 µg GAE/g DW) as determined by ORAC, ABTS and DPPH assays, respectively. The acidic and basic hydrolysis yielded higher antioxidant capacities in the present study. It suggests that hydrolysis with alkaline and acidic play significant roles in liberating more phenolic acids and flavonoids and generating high antioxidant capacity in the extracts

Madrasah Education System and Terrorism: Reality and Misconception

Since the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the Islamic schools known as madrasah havebeen of increasing interest to analysts and to officials involved in formulating U.S. foreign policytoward the Middle East, Central, and Southeast Asia. Madrasah drew added attention when itbecame known that several Taliban leaders and Al-Qaeda members had developed radicalpolitical views at madrasah in Pakistan, some of which allegedly were built and partially financedthrough Saudi Arabian sources. These revelations have led to accusations that madrasah promoteIslamic extremism and militancy, and are a recruiting ground for terrorism. Others maintain thatmost of these religious schools have been blamed unfairly for fostering anti-U.S. sentiments andargue that madrasah play an important role in countries where millions of Muslims live in povertyand the educational infrastructure is in decay. This paper aims to study a misconception of therole and functions of Islamic traditional religious schools which have been linked with theactivities of terrorism. The study will be specifically focus on practice of the traditional Islamicschool, which is locally called as ‘madrasah system\u27

Urban connectivity in Johor Bahru City Center: a review study

This paper will discuss the urban connectivity that relates to pedestrian movements within Johor Bahru City Centre. The study is about Johor Bahru that lose its liveliness as its urban connectivity has changed over time. There are places in the city center that have a significant value that are still disclose from the public. The traditional old shop houses existed at Johor Bahru has a lot to offer to the visitors if they are well maintain and fully utilized. Therefore, the study is conducted to identify the pedestrian movements and how it relates of creating a lively place. Besides that, the need of urban connectivity in Johor Bahru also will further discuss in this paper to discover the preferable type of pedestrian way by the user. The primary data collection is through literature review of related topics of urban connectivity and the significance of the site study and observation of pedestrian movements affecting the city center vibrancy as the secondary data collection. The findings show the positive and the negative relationship of pedestrian movement connections with the existing pedestrian infrastructure and how they can improve the urban connectivity to build a vibrant identity of Johor Bahru

The impact of window's size in DWSIGF routing protocol.

In this study, different collection window's size is been analyzed to investigate the impact on network performance: packet delivery ratio, message overhead and end to end delay on the Dynamic Window Secured Implicit Geographic Forwarding (DWIGF) routing protocol where this protocol is based on a dynamic collection window approached. Its method on using dynamic window's size has minimized the probability of selecting attackers and guaranteed high packet delivery ratios when there is a blackhole attack in the communication link. The DWSIGF is then compared with the best chosen window's size to analyze the network performance with and without attacker in the communication line, respectively. The DWIGF is able to minimize a Clear To Send (CTS) rushing attack that leads to a blackhole and selectively forwarding attack with a guaranteed of high packet delivery ratios where a selection of a failed trade and all attacker is minimized, respectively. As a result, this routing protocol is promising a dynamic and secured communication without inserting any existing security mechanism inside

Oleanan Derivate Compounds From Melochia umbellata (Houtt) Stapf var. Degrabrata K Bark And Their Bioactivity

Oleanan derivated 3-acetyl-12-oleanen-28-oat has been isolated from the n-hexane fraction of M. umbellata(Houtt) Stapf var. degrabrata K. bark. The molecular structure were determined by IR spectroscopy, 1D and 2DNMR (1H, 13C, DEPT, COSY, HMQC and HMBC) data analysis. Bioactivity tested results indicated that thecompound was toxic to A. salina with LC50 value was 361.93 mg/mL. At the concentration of 1000 mg/mL 3acetyl-12-oleanen-28-oat gave the highest inhibition to bacteria B. subtilis and the fungus C. albicans with the inhibited zone diameter was 15.8 mm and 15.2 mm, res

Oleanan Derivate Compounds From Melochia umbellata (Houtt) Stapf var. Degrabrata K Bark And Their Bioactivity

Oleanan derivated 3-acetyl-12-oleanen-28-oat has been isolated from the n-hexane fraction of M. umbellata(Houtt) Stapf var. degrabrata K. bark. The molecular structure were determined by IR spectroscopy, 1D and 2DNMR (1H, 13C, DEPT, COSY, HMQC and HMBC) data analysis. Bioactivity tested results indicated that thecompound was toxic to A. salina with LC50 value was 361.93 mg/mL. At the concentration of 1000 mg/mL 3acetyl-12-oleanen-28-oat gave the highest inhibition to bacteria B. subtilis and the fungus C. albicans with the inhibited zone diameter was 15.8 mm and 15.2 mm, res

Oleanan Derivate Compounds From Melochia umbellata (Houtt) Stapf var. Degrabrata K Bark And Their Bioactivity

Oleanan derivated 3-acetyl-12-oleanen-28-oat has been isolated from the n-hexane fraction of M. umbellata (Houtt) Stapf var. degrabrata K. bark. The molecular structure were determined by IR spectroscopy, 1D and 2D NMR (1H, 13C, DEPT, COSY, HMQC and HMBC) data analysis. Bioactivity tested results indicated that the compound was toxic to A. salina with LC50 value was 361.93 mg/mL. At the concentration of 1000 mg/mL 3acetyl-12-oleanen-28-oat gave the highest inhibition to bacteria B. subtilis and the fungus C. albicans with the inhibited zone diameter was 15.8 mm and 15.2 mm, res

Isolation and Identification Studies on Potential Xylanase Producing Strain Trichoderma sp. WICC F46 Isolated from Tropical Soil

Trichoderma is one of few fungal species of high potential application as bio factory for xylanase production. During last few years increased demand have been observed on the need to isolate high efficient strains from soil sample and to use different microbiological and bioprocess engineering approaches to increase the production yield. In this work, efficient xylanase producer strain was isolated from soil and fully identified using phylogeny analysis. In order to develop an efficient submerged medium for xylanase production, media screening was carried out followed by optimization using one factor at a time (OFAT) method. After optimization of medium composition, the maximal xylanase volumetric production reached 311.71 UmL-1. This medium was composed of corn cob, peptone, magnesium sulphate, calcium chloride, and ammonium sulphate