Investigating Prospective Social Studies Teachers’ Perceptions of European Union through Metaphor Analysis

The purpose of this study is to investigate metaphors developed by social studies teacher candidates about the European Union. 185 second, third and fourth year social studies teacher candidates participated in the study. This study was designed as a phenomenological study and matephor analysis was conducted. At the end of the study, the students developed 168 metaphors about the European Union. The metaphors developed by the students were grouped into 4 categories after coding and extracting phases. The categories were (1) a religious community, (2) a seemingly powerful but decadent formation, (3) a powerful formation and (4) does anything for its own interest. It was determined in the study that the students perceived the EU mostly as a powerful formation (36.14%), followed by a religious community (34.33%), does anything for its own interest (20.48%) and a seemingly powerful but decadent formation (8.43%)

A Study Related to Effects of the Brucellosis on Osteoporosis

Brucellosis is one of the infectious diseases that may increase osteoporosis risk. Bone formation and destruction markers analyzed in the examination of osteoporosis risk. There been many studies on the effect of a variety of diseases on the bone, but no studies have conducted for brucellosis. This study is one of the rare studies showing the effect of brucellosis on a bone. The purpose of this study is that whether age, agglutination level, having brucellosis at the time or before, and gender knowledge of patients have effects on osteoporosis by using bone formation and destruction markers. Between 01/04/2015 and 31/12/2017, blood samples were taken from 40 patients with brucellosis and seven patients whose treatment completed at least six months before. Then biochemical markers were studied on these blood samples. ELISA washer and reader (Biotek, Novatek, Istanbul, Turkey) was used to obtain the values of bone formation and destruction markers. There was a significant difference, according to H. Osteocalcin (Human Osteocalcin/Bone Gla Protein), in terms of bone formation markers and was higher in women. Having brucellosis at the time was significant according to Human deoxypyridinoline (DPD) and Human C-telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I) in terms of bone destruction markers and was higher in brucellosis. The bone formation and destruction markers strongly correlated with each other in the same direction. It is thought that brucellosis can increase bone destruction markers, especially DPD (Human deoxypyridinoline) and CTX-I; therefore, osteoporosis risk in brucella patients can reduce by implementing a treatment plan that closely monitors bone destruction markers

Pre-school teacher candidates’ attitudes towards children rights in term of some variablesOkul öncesi öğretmen adaylarının çocuk haklarına ilişkin tutumlarının çeşitli değişkenlere göre incelenmesi

Today, the value given to children is increased and with the increased of this value, children's rights has started to appear among the issues that are often raised. In this respect, to teach rights effectively to children is very important from very young age. The aim of this study is to determined  pre-school teachers' attitudes toward children's rights. Sample of  the study consists of 382 teacher candidates who are  training in Adıyaman, Kilis 7 Aralık, İnönü, Atatürk, Kafkas, and Muş Alparslan Universities Pre- school Education Programme. The study is realized descriptive research approaches, based on the model of survey. As a means of data collection is used “Children’s Rights Attitude Scale” The data obtained were analysed by using SPSS program and suggestions were made in accordance with the results. There has been found no significant difference between the attitudes of pre-service teachers towards the child rights according to the variables of class level, educational level of parents, monthly income level of the family and taking the lesson concerning child rights however there has been noticed a significant difference according to the variables of number of siblings. ÖzetGünümüzde çocuğa verilen değer artmış ve çocuğa verilen değerin artmasıyla birlikte çocuk hakları da sık sık gündeme gelen konular arasında yer almaya başlamıştır. Bu açıdan çocuklara çok küçük yaşlardan itibaren haklarını etkili bir şekilde öğretmek oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışma, okul öncesi öğretmen adaylarının çocuk haklarına ilişkin görüşlerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın evrenini okul öncesi öğretmenliği programlarında öğrenim gören öğretmen adayları; örneklemini ise Adıyaman, Kilis 7 Aralık, İnönü, Atatürk, Kafkas ve Alpaslan Üniversitelerinin okul öncesi öğretmenliği programında öğrenim gören toplam 382 öğretmen adayı oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma tarama modeline dayalı olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veri toplama aracı olarak “Çocuk Hakları Tutum Ölçeği” (ÇHTÖ) kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS 15.00 analiz programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiş ve sonuçlar doğrultusunda önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Okul öncesi öğretmen adaylarının çocuk haklarına ilişkin tutumları arasında sınıf seviyesi, ailelerinin gelir düzeyi ve ebeveyn eğitim düzeyi ve çocuk haklarına ilişkin ders alma  durumlarına göre anlamlı bir fark bulunmazken kardeş sayısı değişkenine göre anlamlı bir fark bulunmuştur

Evaluation of musroom intoxications presenting at the emercency department of dr. behçet uz children's hospital

Mantar zehirlenmeleri tüm dünyada sıkça görülen önemli bir sorundur. Eriskinlerde mantar zehirlenmeleri tüm akut zehirlenme vakalarının yaklasık %7'sini olusturmaktadır. Klinik, mantarın cinsine göre hafif bir bulantı kusmadan, karaciger yetmezligine kadar degismektedir. Bu çalısmada, Ocak-Aralık 2002 tarihleri arasında Dr. Behçet Uz Çocuk Hastanesi Acil Servisi'ne mantar zehirlenmesi nedeni ile basvuran 21 olgu retrospektif olarak degerlendirildi. Olguların 11'i (%52) kız, 10'u (%48) erkekti. 21 olgunun 9'unun (%43) 10 yas ve üzerinde oldugu ve 17'sinin (%81) sonbahar aylarında basvurdugu belirlendi. En sık gelis sikayeti; 17 olguda (%81) bulantı ve kusma, 5 olguda (%24) buna ek olarak ishal idi. 7 olguda (%33) kolinerjik semptomlar, 3 olguda karaciger yetmezlik bulguları ve 6 olguda (%28) nörolojik bulgular vardı. Ölüm 3 olguda (%14) karaciger yetmezligi nedeni ile olurken 18 olgu (%85) sekelsiz iyilesti. Sonuç olarak, Izmir ili ve çevresindeki mantar zehirlenmelerinin genellikle 10 yasın üzerinde ve sonbahar aylarında gerçeklestigi ve karaciger yetmezligi gelisenlerin dısında çogunlukla sekelsiz iyilestigi saptanmıstır.Mushroom toxicity is a worldwide concern. In the adult population, mushroom toxicity constitutes seven percent of all acute intoxications. The clinical feature may vary from mild nausea and vomiting to hepatic insufficiency according to the type of mushroom. In this study, we analyzed 21 patients who were seen at the Emercency Department of Dr. Behçet Uz Chıldren's Hospıtal from January 2002 to December 2002. 11 of the 21 patients (52%) were female and 10 of them (48%) were male. 9 of the 21 patients (43%) were older than 10 years and 17 of the 21 patients (81%) were hospitalized in spring. The most common symptoms were vomiting in 17 patients (81%) and diarrhea in 5 patients (24%).We observed cholinergic symptoms in 7 patients (33%), hepatic insufficiency in 3 patients (14%) and neurologic symptoms in 6 patients (28%). Death occured in 3 patients as a result of hepatic insufficiency and the rest of the patients recovered without any sequelae. Mushroom intoxications in Izmir and envira were mostly diagnosed in children older than 10 years and in spring. Most of the patients recovered without any problems, except patients who developed hepatic insufficiency

The Effect of High Dose Melatonin on Cardiac Ischemia-reperfusion Injury

Purpose: Melatonin, the most potent scavenger of toxic free radicals, has been found to be effective in protecting against pathological states due to the release of reactive oxygen species. This study was performed to establish the effect of high dose melatonin on protection against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rat hearts. Materials and Methods: Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. They were separated into four groups of ten rats each. A left coronary artery occlusion was induced in the rats by ligating the artery for 20 minutes and then releasing the ligation (reperfusion) afterwards. The control group was Group A. Group B was subjected to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion without any treatment, while Group C underwent myocardial ischemia-reperfusion with a melatonin treatment before the ischemia. Group D was subjected to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion with a melatonin treatment before the reperfusion. After 20 minutes of reperfusion, blood samples were obtained from each group for biochemical studies, and the animals were sacrificed for histological and, immunohistochemical examinations of the myocardial tissue. Results: We found that the cardiac troponin T(cTn-T) levels were significantly increased in Group B when all groups were compared. In the Group C rats treated with melatonin, the cTn-T values were significantly lower than those in Groups B and D. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzymes including, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were lower than those in Group B in the melatonin treated groups. The differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Histopathologic and immunohistopathologic studies also supported the effectiveness of melatonin. Conclusion: Our study suggests that high dose melatonin, appears to offer protection against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injuries in rats by scavenging the free radicals and could have a potential clinical use in the management of myocardial ischemia.PURPOSE:Melatonin, the most potent scavenger of toxic free radicals, has been found to be effective in protecting against pathological states due to the release of reactive oxygen species. This study was performed to establish the effect of high dose melatonin on protection against ischemia- reperfusion (I/R) injury in rat hearts.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. They were separated into four groups of ten rats each. A left coronary artery occlusion was induced in the rats by ligating the artery for 20 minutes and then releasing the ligation (reperfusion) afterwards. The control group was Group A. Group B was subjected to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion without any treatment, while Group C underwent myocardial ischemia-reperfusion with a melatonin treatment before the ischemia. Group D was subjected to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion with a melatonin treatment before the reperfusion. After 20 minutes of reperfusion, blood samples were obtained from each group for biochemical studies, and the animals were sacrificed for histological and, immunohistochemical examinations of the myocardial tissue.RESULTS:We found that the cardiac troponin T(cTn-T) levels were significantly increased in Group B when all groups were compared. In the Group C rats treated with melatonin, the cTn-T values were significantly lower than those in Groups B and D. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzymes including, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were lower than those in Group B in the melatonin treated groups. The differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Histopathologic and immunohistopathologic studies also supported the effectiveness of melatonin.CONCLUSION:Our study suggests that high dose melatonin, appears to offer protection against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injuries in rats by scavenging the free radicals and could have a potential clinical use in the management of myocardial ischemia

The Effect of High Dose Melatonin on Cardiac Ischemia-reperfusion Injury

Purpose: Melatonin, the most potent scavenger of toxic free radicals, has been found to be effective in protecting against pathological states due to the release of reactive oxygen species. This study was performed to establish the effect of high dose melatonin on protection against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rat hearts. Materials and Methods: Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. They were separated into four groups of ten rats each. A left coronary artery occlusion was induced in the rats by ligating the artery for 20 minutes and then releasing the ligation (reperfusion) afterwards. The control group was Group A. Group B was subjected to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion without any treatment, while Group C underwent myocardial ischemia-reperfusion with a melatonin treatment before the ischemia. Group D was subjected to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion with a melatonin treatment before the reperfusion. After 20 minutes of reperfusion, blood samples were obtained from each group for biochemical studies, and the animals were sacrificed for histological and, immunohistochemical examinations of the myocardial tissue. Results: We found that the cardiac troponin T(cTn-T) levels were significantly increased in Group B when all groups were compared. In the Group C rats treated with melatonin, the cTn-T values were significantly lower than those in Groups B and D. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzymes including, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were lower than those in Group B in the melatonin treated groups. The differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Histopathologic and immunohistopathologic studies also supported the effectiveness of melatonin. Conclusion: Our study suggests that high dose melatonin, appears to offer protection against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injuries in rats by scavenging the free radicals and could have a potential clinical use in the management of myocardial ischemia.PURPOSE:Melatonin, the most potent scavenger of toxic free radicals, has been found to be effective in protecting against pathological states due to the release of reactive oxygen species. This study was performed to establish the effect of high dose melatonin on protection against ischemia- reperfusion (I/R) injury in rat hearts.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. They were separated into four groups of ten rats each. A left coronary artery occlusion was induced in the rats by ligating the artery for 20 minutes and then releasing the ligation (reperfusion) afterwards. The control group was Group A. Group B was subjected to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion without any treatment, while Group C underwent myocardial ischemia-reperfusion with a melatonin treatment before the ischemia. Group D was subjected to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion with a melatonin treatment before the reperfusion. After 20 minutes of reperfusion, blood samples were obtained from each group for biochemical studies, and the animals were sacrificed for histological and, immunohistochemical examinations of the myocardial tissue.RESULTS:We found that the cardiac troponin T(cTn-T) levels were significantly increased in Group B when all groups were compared. In the Group C rats treated with melatonin, the cTn-T values were significantly lower than those in Groups B and D. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzymes including, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were lower than those in Group B in the melatonin treated groups. The differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Histopathologic and immunohistopathologic studies also supported the effectiveness of melatonin.CONCLUSION:Our study suggests that high dose melatonin, appears to offer protection against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injuries in rats by scavenging the free radicals and could have a potential clinical use in the management of myocardial ischemia

Bornova: Hücresel telsiz ağlar için yeni bir tıkanıklık denetim algoritması

Bu tezde, tıkanıklık kontrolü protokollerinde kullanılan algoritmaların nasıl çalıştığını anlamak, farklı koşullarda hangi sonuçları verdiği karşılaştırmak ve bu algoritmalardan daha iyi sonuçlar alabilecek bir algoritma tasarımı amaçlanmıştır. Literatürdeki çalışmalarda sınırlı sayıda algoritma ile belirli koşullarda karşılaştırmalar yapılmıştır. Bu tarz karşılaştırmalar ile çıkan sonuçlar incelenmiştir. Bu araştırmalar ışığında, literatürde bütün algoritmaların bulunduğu bir deneme ortamı bulunamamıştır. Sonuçların genelde belirli bir ortam özelinde iyi olduğu ve ortam koşullarına göre bazı algoritmaların denendiği ya da önerildiği görülmüştür. Bu tez çalışmasında gerçekçi koşullarda bir karşılaştırma gerçekleştirilebilmesi için Türkiye'nin önde gelen büyük operatörlerinden birinin İletim Kontrol Protokolü (Transmission Control Protocol, TCP) ortalama değerlerinden elde edilen veriler kullanıldı. Günümüzde var olan uygulamaları destekleyecek şekilde, gelecek olası teknolojileri içermesini de hedefleyerek kablolu veya kablosuz ağları kapsayabilecek (2G, 3G, LTE) bir tıkanıklık algoritması gerçekleştirildi. Farklı koşulları kapsayan ve test edilen çoğu koşulda daha iyi sonuç sağlayan bir algoritma bu tez kapsamında geliştirilmiş ve tartışılmıştır. Bu amaçla 1, 20 ve 80 kullanıcı sayısı, 3 farklı erişim teknolojisinde elde edilen temel değişkenlere göre, 2 farklı MTU büyüküğü (134, 1506 byte), 2 oturum süresi için (10 ve 61 saniye) simülasyonlar yapılmıştır. Tasarlanan algoritma, farklı koşullarda karşı tarafa iletilen veri miktarı bazındaki karşılaştırmalarda mevcut tıkanıklık algoritmalarından daha iyi sonuçlar vermiştir. Böylece birçok farklı ortam altında hızlı ve güvenilir bir algoritma tasarlanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın sonucu, doğal olarak tıkanıklık kontrol algoritması araştırması konusunda açık bir alan olduğunu daha iyi gösterecek ve ağ tıkanıklığı sorununun ana sorunlarının, güçlüklerinin ve olası çözümlerinin daha iyi bir resmini çizecektir.In this thesis, it was aimed to understand how algorithms used in congestion control protocols operate, to compare their performance using different network environments, and to design an algorithm with an improved performance. The presence of limited algorithms available in the existent literature which were used at robust conditions constitutes a lack of a trial environment where all algorithms were compared. While some of these algorithms were performed well under certain conditions, some recommendations were also made depending on the environmental conditions. In order to provide congestion control algorithms that perform well under more realistic dynamic network conditions, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) data used in this thesis were extracted from one of the leading telecom operators in Turkey. The properties of networks with different structures were also investigated. The identified environment variables throughout this thesis were tested on the simulator by using different algorithms. In this thesis, an algorithm that could consist different network conditions and provide better performance results in many conditions was designed and discussed, and suggestions were made accordingly where necessary. To this end, evaluations were made with 1, 20, and 80 users, 3 different access technologies (according to packet loss, delay, and bandwidth), 2 different MTU sizes (134, 1506 bytes), 2 different time periods (10 and 61 seconds). The results obtained from this thesis were performed better than the general averages and managed to stay above the average in different network conditions. The result of this study will naturally strengthen the directions of congestion control algorithm research and traces a better picture of major issues, challenges, and possible solutions of the network congestion problem