998 research outputs found
Observation of Seeding Effects on Fat Bloom of Dark Chocolate
Surface microstructures and polymorphism of seeded dark chocolate were observed with cryo-SEM, to clarify the effects of seeding on fat bloom stability of dark chocolate. Two thermal tests, cycling between 32 adn 20C (32/20) and 38 and 20 C (38/20), were applied to examine the fat bloom stability of the chocolate. We used three crystalline powders: Form VI of cocoa butter; the most stable B1 form of SOS (1,3-distearoyl-2-oleoylglycerol); and the second stable B2 form of BOB (1,3,-dibehenoyl-2-oleoylglycerol) as seed materials. Seeding with cocoa butter (Form VI) and SOS (B1) at concentrations of 0.5 ~ 1 wt. % showed good fat bloom stability in the 32/20 test. In the case of the 38/20 test, however, fat bloom was not prevented. Seeding with BOB (B2) gave the best fat bloom stability in both thermo-cycles; in particular, 5 wt.% BOB (B2) completely prevented fat bloom after the 38/20 test
Heavy Quark Radiative Energy Loss - Applications to RHIC
Heavy quark energy loss in a hot QCD plasma is computed taking into account
the competing effects due to suppression of zeroth order gluon radiation bellow
the plasma frequency and the enhancement of gluon radiation due to transition
energy loss and medium induced Bremsstrahlung. Heavy quark medium induced
radiative energy loss is derived to all orders in opacity, .
Numerical evaluation of the energy loss suggest small suppression of high
charm quarks, and therefore provide a possible explanation for the
null effects observed by PHENIX in the prompt electron spectrum in as
and 200 AGeV.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, Contributed to 17th International Conference on
Ultra Relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions (Quark Matter 2004), Oakland,
California, 11-17 Jan 200
Fat Polymorphism and Crystal Seeding Effects on Fat Bloom Stability of Dark Chocolate
The effects of seeding with fine crystal powders on the physical properties of dark chocolate are re viewed in terms of the polymorphism and crystallization behavior of cocoa butter (CBJ and of its major fat constituents. The polymorphic structure of four symmetric mixed acids saturated -oleic-saturated (Sat-0- Sat) triacylglycerols (TAGs I [POP (1 ,3-dipalmitoyl-2- oleoyl-glyceroll ;SOS I 1 ,3-distearoyl-2-oleoyl-glycerol); AOA (1 ,3-diarachidoyl-2-oleoyl-glycerol); and BOB 11 ,3-dibehenoyl-2-oleoyl-glyceroi)J. and of tristearoylglycerol (SSSI are briefly explained. An attempt is made at replacing the currently used tempering meth ~ ad in the chocolate solidification process, by a simple cooling technique using fat seed crystals. CB (form VI). SOS 1/i11. BOB (pseudo-/i·l. BOB i/i2), and SSS 1/il are examined as seed materials. The addition of all powders accelerated the crystallization of dark chocolate. Fat bloom stability is also improved by the seed crystals, except w ith SSS. The effect is highly dependent on the physical properties of the seed material employed. The most influencing factors are the similarities in the polymorphic behavior between the seed material and cocoa butter, especially, chain length structure. Thermal stability of the seed crystal is also very important. In view of all physical properties examined, the present review concludes that the p2 form of BOB performs best as a seed material. In particular, it gives rise to an accelerated crystallization of form V of CB and moderates change in viscosity and antibloom effects after thermal incubation of dark chocolate below and above the melting point of CB
Arabidopsis Root-Type Ferredoxin: NADP(H) Oxidoreductase 2 is Involved in Detoxification of Nitrite in Roots
This work was supported by RIKEN [Special Postdoctoral Researchers (SPDR) fellowship to T.H.]
Study of electron anti-neutrinos associated with gamma-ray bursts using KamLAND
We search for electron anti-neutrinos () from long and
short-duration gamma-ray bursts~(GRBs) using data taken by the KamLAND detector
from August 2002 to June 2013. No statistically significant excess over the
background level is found. We place the tightest upper limits on
fluence from GRBs below 7 MeV and place first constraints on
the relation between luminosity and effective temperature.Comment: 16 pages and 5 figure
KamLAND Sensitivity to Neutrinos from Pre-Supernova Stars
In the late stages of nuclear burning for massive stars (M>8~M_{\sun}), the
production of neutrino-antineutrino pairs through various processes becomes the
dominant stellar cooling mechanism. As the star evolves, the energy of these
neutrinos increases and in the days preceding the supernova a significant
fraction of emitted electron anti-neutrinos exceeds the energy threshold for
inverse beta decay on free hydrogen. This is the golden channel for liquid
scintillator detectors because the coincidence signature allows for significant
reductions in background signals. We find that the kiloton-scale liquid
scintillator detector KamLAND can detect these pre-supernova neutrinos from a
star with a mass of 25~M_{\sun} at a distance less than 690~pc with 3
significance before the supernova. This limit is dependent on the neutrino mass
ordering and background levels. KamLAND takes data continuously and can provide
a supernova alert to the community.Comment: 19 pages, 6 figures, 1 tabl
Using the MitoB method to assess levels of reactive oxygen species in ecological studies of oxidative stress
In recent years evolutionary ecologists have become increasingly interested in the effects of reactive
oxygen species (ROS) on the life-histories of animals. ROS levels have mostly been inferred indirectly
due to the limitations of estimating ROS from in vitro methods. However, measuring ROS (hydrogen
peroxide, H2O2) content in vivo is now possible using the MitoB probe. Here, we extend and refine
the MitoB method to make it suitable for ecological studies of oxidative stress using the brown trout
Salmo trutta as model. The MitoB method allows an evaluation of H2O2 levels in living organisms over
a timescale from hours to days. The method is flexible with regard to the duration of exposure and
initial concentration of the MitoB probe, and there is no transfer of the MitoB probe between fish. H2O2
levels were consistent across subsamples of the same liver but differed between muscle subsamples
and between tissues of the same animal. The MitoB method provides a convenient method for
measuring ROS levels in living animals over a significant period of time. Given its wide range of possible
applications, it opens the opportunity to study the role of ROS in mediating life history trade-offs in
ecological settings
Murasaki: A Fast, Parallelizable Algorithm to Find Anchors from Multiple Genomes
BACKGROUND: With the number of available genome sequences increasing rapidly, the magnitude of sequence data required for multiple-genome analyses is a challenging problem. When large-scale rearrangements break the collinearity of gene orders among genomes, genome comparison algorithms must first identify sets of short well-conserved sequences present in each genome, termed anchors. Previously, anchor identification among multiple genomes has been achieved using pairwise alignment tools like BLASTZ through progressive alignment tools like TBA, but the computational requirements for sequence comparisons of multiple genomes quickly becomes a limiting factor as the number and scale of genomes grows. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Our algorithm, named Murasaki, makes it possible to identify anchors within multiple large sequences on the scale of several hundred megabases in few minutes using a single CPU. Two advanced features of Murasaki are (1) adaptive hash function generation, which enables efficient use of arbitrary mismatch patterns (spaced seeds) and therefore the comparison of multiple mammalian genomes in a practical amount of computation time, and (2) parallelizable execution that decreases the required wall-clock and CPU times. Murasaki can perform a sensitive anchoring of eight mammalian genomes (human, chimp, rhesus, orangutan, mouse, rat, dog, and cow) in 21 hours CPU time (42 minutes wall time). This is the first single-pass in-core anchoring of multiple mammalian genomes. We evaluated Murasaki by comparing it with the genome alignment programs BLASTZ and TBA. We show that Murasaki can anchor multiple genomes in near linear time, compared to the quadratic time requirements of BLASTZ and TBA, while improving overall accuracy. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Murasaki provides an open source platform to take advantage of long patterns, cluster computing, and novel hash algorithms to produce accurate anchors across multiple genomes with computational efficiency significantly greater than existing methods. Murasaki is available under GPL at http://murasaki.sourceforge.net
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