285 research outputs found
Noncatalytic Direct Liquefaction of Biorefinery Lignin by Ethanol
There
is a growing interest in lignin valorization to biofuels
and chemicals. Here, we propose a novel and simple noncatalytic process
to directly liquefy lignin rich solid residual from second generation
bioethanol production by solvolysis with ethanol. Through an extensive
parameter study in batch autoclaves assessing the effects of varying
reaction temperature, reaction time, and solvent:lignin ratio, it
is shown that hydrothermally pretreated enzymatic hydrolysis lignin
solvolysis in supercritical ethanol can produce a heptane soluble
bio-oil without the need for exhaustive deoxygenation. The process
does not require addition of catalyst or a reducing agent such as
hydrogen. The process is advantageously carried out with a low reaction
period (<1 h) and with a reduced amount of solvent to lignin feedstock
(ethanol:lignin (w/w) ratio of 2:1) which is a previously unexplored
domain for lignin solvolysis. The resulting bio-oil product is mainly
a mixture of di- and monomeric lignin species where the original lignin
unit linkages have been broken. The oxygen content is lowered to <10
wt % (corresponding to an HHV of 36 MJ/kg) and the bio-oil is stable
and acid free (verified by NMR), and due to the use of sulfur free
lignin rich residual as feedstock, the resulting oil product is equally
sulfur free. The residual solid product (char) has a reduced oxygen
content relative to the lignin feed and equally increased higher heating
value, making it a candidate for use as a biochar
Influence of Promotor, H<sub>2</sub>O and H<sub>2</sub>S on the Hydrodeoxygenation of Biomass Pyrolysis Vapor over MoS<sub>2</sub> Catalysts
Influence of active phase loading in hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of ethylene glycol over promoted MoS<sub>2</sub>/MgAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> catalysts
SO<sub>2 </sub>Oxidation Across Marine V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>-WO<sub>3</sub>-TiO<sub>2</sub> SCR Catalysts: a Study at Elevated Pressure for Preturbine SCR Configuration
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Treatment Prevents Glucocorticoid-Induced Glucose Intolerance and Islet-Cell Dysfunction in Humans
Winter activity of a population of greater horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum)
Activity patterns of a greater horseshoe bats Rhinolophus ferrumequinum were investigated at caves in Cheddar (south-west England) during the hibernation season. An ultrasound detector and datalogger were used to monitor and record the number of echolocation calls in a single cave. Activity of R. ferrumequinum remained largely nocturnal throughout winter, and the mean time of activity over 24 hours was 88 to 369 minutes (1.47 to 6.15 hours) after sunset. There was an increase in diurnal activity from late May to early June, probably because bats remained active after foraging at dawn towards the end of the hibernation season. Visits to the cave did not increase bat activity. Cave air temperature reflected external climatic temperature, although there was variation in cave temperature and its range within and across caves. Individual R. ferrumequinum are usually dispersed in caves in regions where temperature fluctuations correlate with climatic variations in temperature. There was a positive correlation between the number of daily bat passes monitored by the bat detector and datalogger (= daily activity) and cave temperature. Nocturnal activity may sometimes be associated with winter feeding. Neither date nor barometric pressure had a significant effect on daily activity. Activity patterns largely reflected the findings from individual R. ferrumequinum studied by telemetry (Park, 1998), in that bat activity increased with cave and climatic temperatures, and the temporal pattern of activity remained consistently nocturnal throughout winter, starting at dusk
Efficacy and Safety Comparison of Liraglutide, Glimepiride, and Placebo, All in Combination With Metformin, in Type 2 Diabetes: The LEAD (Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes)-2 study
OBJECTIVE—The efficacy and safety of adding liraglutide (a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist) to metformin were compared with addition of placebo or glimepiride to metformin in subjects previously treated with oral antidiabetes (OAD) therapy
GLP-1R Agonist Liraglutide Activates Cytoprotective Pathways and Improves Outcomes After Experimental Myocardial Infarction in Mice
OBJECTIVE—Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) ago-nists are used to treat type 2 diabetes, and transient GLP-1 administration improved cardiac function in humans after acute myocardial infarction (MI) and percutaneous revascularization. However, the consequences of GLP-1R activation before isch-emic myocardial injury remain unclear. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We assessed the pathophysiology and outcome of coronary artery occlusion in normal and diabetic mice pretreated with the GLP-1R agonist liraglutide. RESULTS—Male C57BL/6 mice were treated twice daily for 7 days with liraglutide or saline followed by induction of MI. Survival was significantly higher in liraglutide-treated mice. Lira-glutide reduced cardiac rupture (12 of 60 versus 46 of 60; P 0.0001) and infarct size (21 2 % versus 29 3%, P 0.02) an
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