Expression of VPAC1 in a murine model of allergic asthma

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is a putative neurotransmitter of the inhibitory non-adrenergic non-cholinergic nervous system and influences the mammalian airway function in various ways. Hence known for bronchodilatory, immunomodulatory and mucus secretion modulating effects by interacting with the VIP receptors VPAC1 and VPAC2, it is discussed to be a promising target for pharmaceutical intervention in common diseases such as COPD and bronchial asthma. Here we examined the expression and transcriptional regulation of VPAC1 in the lungs of allergic mice using an ovalbumin (OVA) -induced model of allergic asthma. Mice were sensitized to OVA and challenged with an OVA aerosol. In parallel a control group was sham sensitized with saline. VPAC1 expression was examined using RT-PCR and real time-PCR studies were performed to quantify gene transcription. VPAC1 mRNA expression was detected in all samples of OVA-sensitized and challenged animals and control tissues. Further realtime analysis did not show significant differences at the transcriptional level. Although the present studies did not indicate a major transcriptional regulation of VPAC1 in states of allergic airway inflammation, immunomodulatory effects of VPAC1 might still be present due to regulations at the translational level

Optical control of a receptor-linked guanylyl cyclase using a photoswitchable peptidic hormone

The photoswitchable peptidomimetic hormone TOP271 allows the precise optical control of cGMP generation via the receptor-linked enzyme NPR-A in explanted aortic rings and islets of Langerhans.</p

Abstracts from the 8th International Conference on cGMP Generators, Effectors and Therapeutic Implications

This work was supported by a restricted research grant of Bayer AG

The function of NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase in smooth muscle

Die Stickstoffmonoxid (NO)-cGMP-Signalkaskade spielt eine entscheidende Rolle in der Kontrolle des glatten Muskeltonus. NO ist einer der wichtigsten vaskulären Faktoren für die Relaxation der Blutgefäße sowie für die Regulation des Blutdruckes und fungiert ebenfalls als wichtigster inhibitorischer Neurotransmitter im gastrointestinalen Trakt. Es wirkt hauptsächlich über die NO-sensitive Guanylyl-Cyclase (NO-GC), die aus zwei Untereinheiten aufgebaut ist (α und ß). Deletion der ß1-Untereinheit in Mäusen führt zu einem vollständigen NO-GC-Knockout (GCKO). GCKO-Mäuse zeigen keine NO-induzierte Relaxation der vaskulären und gastrointestinalen glatten Muskulatur. Die Mäuse zeigen eine arterielle Hypertonie und eine verlängerte Magen-Darm-Transportzeit, die in eine gastrointestinale Dysfunktion mündet. Allerdings erlaubt eine vollständige Deletion der NO-GC in den Mäusen keine Identifikation des Zell- bzw. Gewebe-Typs, der für den erhöhten Blutdruck und die gastrointestinale Dysfunktion verantwortlich ist. Um die relative Beteiligung der glatten Muskelzellen an der Hypertonie und der gestörten Darm-Motilität zu bestimmen, wurden Glattmuskel-spezifische Knockout-Mäuse für die ß1-Untereinheit der NO-GC (SM-GCKO) generiert. Die SM-GCKO-Mäuse entwickelten im Verlauf der Deletion eine arterielle Hypertonie in Kombination mit einem Verlust der NO-induzierten Glattmuskelrelaxation. Diese Daten zeigen, dass die Deletion der NO-GC in den glatten Muskelzellen völlig ausreichend ist, eine Hypertonie zu erzeugen. Überraschenderweise ist die Darm-Motilität der SM-GCKO-Mäuse im Vergleich zu den WT-Mäusen unverändert. In gastrointestinaler Muskulatur exprimieren neben den glatten Muskelzellen auch die interstitiellen Zellen von Cajal (ICC) die NO-GC. Mithilfe einer Cre-spezifischen Maus für ICC wurde eine Mauslinie generiert, der die NO-GC in beiden Zelltypen fehlt. Der gastrointestinale Phänotyp dieser Doppel-Knockouts ähnelt dem der totalen GCKO-Tiere: Die nitrerge Relaxation fehlt und die Magen-Darm-Transportzeit ist verlängert. Zusammenfassend führt eine Deletion der NO-GC in glatten Muskelzellen und gleichzeitig in den ICC zu einer vollständigen Unterbrechung der nitrergen Relaxation in GI Trakt.The nitric oxide (NO)-cGMP signaling pathway plays a prominent role in the control of smooth muscle tone. NO is one of the main vascular factors responsible for the relaxation of blood vessels, regulation of blood pressure and also acts as major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It acts predominantly via NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase (NO-GC) which is made up of 2 different subunits (α and ß). Deletion of the ß1 subunit in the mouse leads to a global NO-GC knockout (GCKO). GCKO mice do not reveal NO-induced relaxation of vascular and GI smooth muscle. They show hypertension and an increased gut transit time resulting in GI dysfunction. However, global deletion of NO-GC in mice does not allow identification of the cell/tissue type responsible for the elevated blood pressure and GI dysfunction. To determine the relative contribution of smooth muscle cells to the hypertension and GI dysfunction seen in NO-GC knockout mice were generated smooth muscle–specific knockout mice for the ß1 subunit of NO-GC (SM-GCKO) using a tamoxifen-inducible system. SM-GCKO animals develop hypertension over time in combination with a loss of NO-induced smooth muscle relaxation. In sum, these data provide evidence that deletion of NO-GC solely in smooth muscle is sufficient to cause hypertension. Surprisingly, NO-induced relaxation of GI smooth muscle was only slightly reduced in SM-GCKO mice and gut motility was unchanged compared to wild-type mice. Taken together, lack of NO-GC in smooth muscle cells does not impair NO induced relaxation of GI tissues or GI motility. To determine the cell type expressing NO-GC we used immunhistochemistry. We found that, in addition to smooth muscle, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) express NO GC. With a Cre specific mouse model for ICC we generated a mouse line lacking NO-GC in both smooth muscle and ICC. In these double knockouts we observed a phenotype similar to that seen in total GCKO mice including lack of nitrergic relaxation and increased gut transit time. In conclusion, lack of NO-GC in both SMC and ICC totally abolishes nitrergic signaling in GI tract