Growth Control in California: Prospects for Local Government Implementation of Timing and Sequential Control of Residential Development

In the last decade California has been characterized by intensive suburban development. Traditional methods of land use regulation have been ineffective in alleviating the resultant strain upon local governments in their attempts to adequately accommodate such growth. In 1969 the Town of Ramapo, New York amended its zoning ordinance to implement a revolutionary and comprehensive plan-timing and sequential controls-designed to phase residential growth to coincide with the town\u27s ability to provide necessary services and facilities. Herein, the authors analyze the Ramapo Plan in terms of the legal questions raised thereby and the adaptability of the plan for use by California local governments. The authors conclude that timing and sequential controls amount to an efficient and legally valid tool for the control of residential development, providing that such a plan is implemented pursuant to a carefully reasoned and systematic long-range program for municipal growth

Growth Control in California: Prospects for Local Government Implementation of Timing and Sequential Control of Residential Development

In the last decade California has been characterized by intensive suburban development. Traditional methods of land use regulation have been ineffective in alleviating the resultant strain upon local governments in their attempts to adequately accommodate such growth. In 1969 the Town of Ramapo, New York amended its zoning ordinance to implement a revolutionary and comprehensive plan-timing and sequential controls-designed to phase residential growth to coincide with the town\u27s ability to provide necessary services and facilities. Herein, the authors analyze the Ramapo Plan in terms of the legal questions raised thereby and the adaptability of the plan for use by California local governments. The authors conclude that timing and sequential controls amount to an efficient and legally valid tool for the control of residential development, providing that such a plan is implemented pursuant to a carefully reasoned and systematic long-range program for municipal growth

Characteristics and outcomes of an international cohort of 600 000 hospitalized patients with COVID-19

Background: We describe demographic features, treatments and clinical outcomes in the International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) COVID-19 cohort, one of the world’s largest international, standardized data sets concerning hospitalized patients. Methods: The data set analysed includes COVID-19 patients hospitalized between January 2020 and January 2022 in 52 countries. We investigated how symptoms on admission, co-morbidities, risk factors and treatments varied by age, sex and other characteristics. We used Cox regression models to investigate associations between demographics, symptoms, co-morbidities and other factors with risk of death, admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Results: Data were available for 689 572 patients with laboratory-confirmed (91.1%) or clinically diagnosed (8.9%) SARS-CoV-2 infection from 52 countries. Age [adjusted hazard ratio per 10 years 1.49 (95% CI 1.48, 1.49)] and male sex [1.23 (1.21, 1.24)] were associated with a higher risk of death. Rates of admission to an ICU and use of IMV increased with age up to age 60 years then dropped. Symptoms, co-morbidities and treatments varied by age and had varied associations with clinical outcomes. The case-fatality ratio varied by country partly due to differences in the clinical characteristics of recruited patients and was on average 21.5%. Conclusions: Age was the strongest determinant of risk of death, with a ~30-fold difference between the oldest and youngest groups; each of the co-morbidities included was associated with up to an almost 2-fold increase in risk. Smoking and obesity were also associated with a higher risk of death. The size of our international database and the standardized data collection method make this study a comprehensive international description of COVID-19 clinical features. Our findings may inform strategies that involve prioritization of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 who have a higher risk of death