The Tenure Game: Building Up Academic Habits

Why do some academics continue to be productive after receiving tenure? This paper answers this question by using a Stackelberg differential game between departments and scholars. We show that departments can set tenure rules and standards as incentives for scholars to accumulate academic habits. As a result, academic habits have a lasting positive impact in scholar’s productivity, leading to higher scholar’s productivity rate of growth and higher productivity level.Role of economists; sociology of economics.

Variabilidade da pluma estuarina do Tejo : impacto na circulação e hidrologia costeira

Mestrado em Meteorologia e Oceanografia FísicaAs descargas dos estuários formam uma pluma que é advetada para a região costeira adjacente, durante a maré vazante, modulando a circulação e hidrografia costeiras. Na costa central portuguesa, a pluma do Estuário do Tejo influencia a hidrografia da região, controlando a dinâmica local. Na atualidade, estudos de plumas estuarinas são realizados utilizando modelos de circulação e de transporte de alta-resolução e sofisticados métodos de análise de dados, como as redes neuronais. O objetivo deste estudo consiste em analisar os padrões da descarga estuarina do Tejo na zona costeira adjacente, sob diferentes condições de vento e eventos de descarga estuarinas elevadas. Neste âmbito, implementou-se o modelo 3D de circulação e transporte MOHID, utilizando um método de downscaling do modelo Operational Model for the Portuguese Coast (PCOMS) (6 km) para a ROFI do Estuário do Tejo (500m). De modo a melhorar os forçamentos atmosféricos do modelo costeiro, implementou-se uma nova aplicação de alta-resolução (2 km) do modelo WRF para a região. A validação dos modelos de circulação e de transporte foram realizadas para o período de Julho a Dezembro de 2012. Resultados numéricos demonstram uma reprodução correta dos padrões superficiais quando comparados com dados observados de velocidade da corrente, salinidade e temperatura da água. O erro médio quadrático (RMSE) das correntes de superfície mostrou um desvio médio inferior a 16 cms−1. Comparação da temperatura superficial da agua com os dados remotos do sensor MODIS-Aqua identificaram um desvio inferior a 2oC, demostrando a qualidade das previsões do modelo em reproduzir os padrões dinâmicos costeiros. De modo a estudar a variabilidade costeira causada pela descarga estuarina do Tejo, simularam-se 5 cenários utilizando ventos favoráveis de upwelling e downwelling, e descargas do Rio Tejo de 1500, 3000 e 5000 m3s−1. As simulações dos cenários foram realizadas para o período de 8-31 de Novembro de 2012, devido à ocorrência de padrões favoráveis de vento. Com o objetivo de quantificar a variabilidade costeira, realizou-se uma analise SOM com 1x4 padrões espaciais dos campos de salinidade à superfície. Os resultados demonstram que as descargas fluviais são o principal forçamento nas simulações, só superados pelo vento aquando se registam baixas descarga fluviais. Secções transversais da salinidade mostraram uma profundidade da pluma estuarina com cerca de 15 m na zona da embocadura do estuário, reduzindo-se para 10 m na zona costeira adjacente ao Cabo da Roca. A tensão do vento revelou ter um papel importante na dispersão da pluma, sendo responsável pelo transporte para norte ou para sudoeste da mesma. Em todos os cenários, os ventos favoráveis a downwelling transportam a pluma para norte encostada à costa, enquanto ventos de upwelling transportam a pluma para sudoeste. A nova implementação de alta resolução em 3D desenvolvida neste trabalho permite retirar informação extra acerca da dinâmica da pluma estuarina sob diferentes condições de vento e descarga do Rio Tejo. Padrões distintos de dispersão foram observados, permitindo uma melhoria do conhecimento da circulação e hidrografia da região. Para trabalhos futuros, este modelo pode permitir o acoplamento de modelos biogeoquímicos ou de derrame de hidrocarbonetos, temas importantes e desafiantes para a complexa zona costeira adjacente ao Estuário do Tejo.Buoyant discharges from estuaries form an outflow plume that is advected onto the near shelf during the ebb tide, modulating the circulation and hydrography of the adjacent coast. In the central coast of Portugal, the plume from the Tagus Estuary influences the hydrography of the area, controlling local dynamics. Nowadays, estuarine plume propagation studies are performed using high-resolution circulation and transport models and sophisticated data analyses tools, as the artificial neural networks. The main aim of this work consists in studying the Tagus Estuarine outflow behaviour under different wind forcing conditions and variable river discharge events. For this purpose, a 3D circulation and transport model (www.mohid.com) was implemented for the region, using a nested downscaling approach from the Operational Model for the Portuguese Coast (PCOMS) (6 km) to the Tagus ROFI (500 m). To improve the atmospheric circulation model forcing, a new high-resolution atmospheric model (2 km) was implemented for the region, using the WRF model. To validate the circulation and transport models, a simulation period between July and December 2012 was used. Numerical predictions shown an accurate reproduction of the surface patterns when compared with observed data of current velocity, salinity and water temperature. The root mean square error (RMSE) of surface currents revealed a mean deviation lower than 16 cm s−1. SST comparison with MODIS-Aqua remote sensing imagery shows a deviation lower than 2oC, revealing the model accuracy in reproducing coastal dynamics. In order to study coastal variability due to the Tagus estuarine outflow, five scenarios were simulated under upwelling and downwelling favourable winds and Tagus river discharge of 1500, 3000 and 5000 m3s−1. The scenarios simulations were performed for the days 8-31 of November 2012 because of favourable distinct wind patterns. In order to quantify the region variability 1×4 Self-Organizing Map (SOM) of the surface salinity fields were performed. The results show that river discharge is the main controlling forcing for the scenarios simulation, only overtaken by the wind, when low discharge values were present. The cross-shelf sections show a depth of the plume bulge of 15 m near the mouth of the estuary, reducing to 10 m in the far region, near Cabo da Roca. The wind stress played a powerful role in the dispersion of the bulge, being responsible for the north or southwest transport of the plume. In all scenarios, under downwelling favourable winds the plume is compressed toward the coast, and under upwelling winds the plume follows a SW direction, being advected offshore. The new high resolution 3D implementation developed in this study provides extra information about the Tejo estuarine plume dynamic under different conditions of winds and river discharge. Distinct spatial dispersion was observed improving the knowledge of the region circulation and hydrography. Thus, this validated implementation can be used for new studies, such as coupling of a biogeochemistry or oil spill models, topics that are important and challenging for a complex coastal region such as the off the Tagus Estuary

A strategic recommendation to market and launch a new Vichy product of the neogenic category. Product launch as an investemnt opportunity

CEMSThe Business Project was centered on the launch of a Vichy Dercos Neogenic product and two main issues were addressed. Firstly, the group conducted a Market Analysis and a Target Definition exercise, bearing in mind the possible cannibalization effect on revenues of previous products. Secondly, a 360º Launch Strategy was devised, focusing on every touchpoint of the consumer journey. Within the scope of this Work Project, the product innovation process conducted by Vichy was framed as an investment opportunity incorporating real options and accounting for technological and market uncertainty, leading to a more accurate Net Present Value of the project

Estimation of daily reference evapotranspiration from NASA POWER reanalysis products in a hot summer Mediterranean climate

This study aims at assessing the accuracy of estimating daily reference evapotranspiration (ETo) computed with NASA POWER reanalysis products. Daily ETo estimated from local observations of weather variables in 14 weather stations distributed across Alentejo Region, Southern Portugal were compared with ETo derived from NASA POWER weather data, using raw and biascorrected datasets. Three different methods were used to compute ETo: (a) FAO Penman-Monteith (PM); (b) Hargreaves-Samani (HS); and (c) MaxTET. Results show that, when using raw NASA POWER datasets, a good accuracy between the observed ETo and reanalysis ETo was observed in most locations (R2 > 0.70). PM shows a tendency to over-estimating ETo with an RMSE as high as 1.41 mm d-1, while using a temperature-based ET estimation method, an RMSE lower than 0.92 mm d-1 is obtained. If a local bias correction is adopted, the temperature-based methods show a small over or underestimation of ETo (–0.40 mm d-1 MBE < 0.40 mm d-1). As for PM, ETo is still underestimated for 13 locations (MBE < 0 mm d-1) but with an RMSE never higher than 0.77 mm d-1. When NASA POWER raw data is used to estimate ETo, HS_Rs proved the most accurate method, providing the lowest RMSE for half the locations. However, if a data regional bias correction is used, PM leads to the most accurate ETo estimation for half the locations; also, when a local bias correction is performed, PM proved the be the most accurate ETo estimation method for most locations. Nonetheless, MaxTET proved to be an accurate method; its simplicity may prove to be successful not only when only maximum temperature data is available but also due to the low data required for ETo estimationinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Evaluation of NASA POWER reanalysis products to estimate daily weather variables in a hot summer Mediterranean climate

This study aims to evaluate NASA POWER reanalysis products for daily surface maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) temperatures, solar radiation (Rs), relative humidity (RH) and wind speed (Ws) when compared with observed data from 14 distributed weather stations across Alentejo Region, Southern Portugal, with a hot summer Mediterranean climate. Results showed that there is good agreement between NASA POWER reanalysis and observed data for all parameters, except for wind speed, with coefficient of determination (R2) higher than 0.82, with normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) varying, from 8 to 20%, and a normalized mean bias error (NMBE) ranging from –9 to 26%, for those variables. Based on these results, and in order to improve the accuracy of the NASA POWER dataset, two bias corrections were performed to all weather variables: one for the Alentejo Region as a whole; another, for each location individually. Results improved significantly, especially when a local bias correction is performed, with Tmax and Tmin presenting an improvement of the mean NRMSE of 6.6 C (from 8.0 C) and 16.1 C (from 20.5 C), respectively, while a mean NMBE decreased from 10.65 to 0.2%. Rs results also show a very high goodness of fit with a mean NRMSE of 11.2% and mean NMBE equal to 0.1%. Additionally, bias corrected RH data performed acceptably with an NRMSE lower than 12.1% and an NMBE below 2.1%. However, even when a bias correction is performed, Ws lacks the performance showed by the remaining weather variables, with an NRMSE never lower than 19.6%. Results show that NASA POWER can be useful for the generation of weather data sets where ground weather stations data is of missing or unavailableinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A Simple Application for Computing Reference Evapotranspiration with Various Levels of Data Availability—ETo Tool

Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) estimations may be used to improve the efficiency of irrigated agriculture. However, its computation can be complex and could require numerous weather data that are not always available for many locations. Different methods are available to estimate ETo when limited data are available, and the assessment of the most accurate one can be difficult and time consuming. There are some standalone softwares available for computing ETo but none of them allow for the comparison of different methods for the same or different datasets simultaneously. This paper aims to present an application for estimating ETo using several methods that require different levels of data availability, namely FAO-56 Penman–Monteith (PM), the Original and the three modified Hargreaves–Samani (HS and MHS1, MHS2 and MHS3), Trajkovic (TR) and the single temperature procedure (MaxTET). Also, it facilitates the comparison of the accuracy estimation of two selected methods. From an example case, for where the application was used to compute ETo for three different locations, results show that the application can easily and successfully estimate ETo using the proposed methods, allowing for statistical comparison of those estimations. HS proves to be the most accurate method for the studied locations; however, the accuracy of all methods tends to be lower for costal locations than for more continental sites. With this application, users can select the best ETo estimation methods for a specific location and use it for irrigation purposesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Estimation of Reference Evapotranspiration during the Irrigation Season Using Nine Temperature-Based Methods in a Hot-Summer Mediterranean Climate

The FAO-56 Penman–Monteith (PM) equation is regarded as the most accurate equation to estimate reference evapotranspiration (ETo). However, it requires a broad range of data that may not be available or of reasonable quality. In this study, nine temperature-based methods were assessed for ETo estimation during the irrigation at fourteen locations distributed through a hot-summer Mediterranean climate region of Alentejo, Southern Portugal. Additionally, for each location, the Hargreaves–Samani radiation adjustment coefficient (kRs) was calibrated and validated to evaluate the appropriateness of using the standard value, creating a locally adjusted Hargreaves–Samani (HS) equation. The accuracy of each method was evaluated by statistically comparing their results with those obtained by PM. Results show that the calibration of the kRs, a locally adjusted HS method can be used to estimate daily ETo acceptably well, with RMSE lower than 0.88 mm day−1, an estimation error lower than 4% and a R2 higher than 0.69, proving to be the most accurate model for 8 (out of 14) locations. A modified Hargreaves–Samani method also performed acceptably for 4 locations, with a RMSE of 0.72–0.84 mm day−1, a slope varying from 0.95 to 1.01 and a R2 higher than 0.78. One can conclude that, when weather data is missing, a calibrated HS equation is adequate to estimate ETo during the irrigation seasoninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The effect of topography on the spatial variability of grapevine vegetative and reproductive components

I Congresso Luso-Brasileiro de Horticultura. Sessão ViticulturaTopography variation is one of the main causes for vineyard variability. Terrain attributes, such as slope, altitude and aspect are highly variable and have an impact on soil depth, water holding capacity, air and soil temperature, radiation exposure, among other factors. Patterns of topographic variability tend to be stable over time, therefore recognizing such patterns can potentially provide the winegrower with relevant economic returns. A study was conducted in 2015, in a vineyard located at Tapada da Ajuda, Lisbon (slope range from 7% to 9%; southern orientation). Four white varieties (Alvarinho, Viosinho, Encruzado and Arinto) were analyzed regarding their vegetative development, yield and grape quality. This study had two main objectives: (i) to evaluate the magnitude of the spatial variability among varieties and (ii) to evaluate the effect of the terrain position (TP) in each variety, individually. Smart points (SP) were selected for each variety, organized according to their slope position (uphill, mid-slope and downhill) and vegetative and reproductive data was collected at relevant phenological stages (pre-flowering, flowering, veraison and full maturation). Alvarinho and Arinto varieties presented the highest spatial variability, regardless of their position along the slope. Yield and leaf-to-fruit ratio were the most variable parameters (coefficient of variation>30% in all varieties) with no correlation with TP. Encruzado showed higher vegetative development (+36% leaf area index and +18% exposed leaf area) in downhill SPs, while Arinto presented higher bud burst percentage (+49%) and lower water-shoot development (-30%) in downhill SPs. In these cases, canopy development parameters were influenced by TP. Such information can be used for a differentiated scheduling of canopy management activities e.g. canopy thinning and water-shoot removal, tasks that are expensive and time consuming. This study created a basis for further research that can lead to more accurate vineyard design planning and managementinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Uma Úlcera de Difícil Cicatrização: Um Caso Exuberante de Dermatite de Contacto Alérgica ao L-Mesitran® Tulle

L-Mesitran Tulle® is a popular non-adherent polyethylene dressing impregnated with the patented L-Mesitran Soft gel that contains Medilan™, which is said to be a “hypoallergenic lanolin”. Lanolin is a well know sensitizer and the prevalence of contact allergy to lanolin alcohols varies from 0.6% - 6.9%. We report the case of a patient who develop eczema around the leg ulcer while using L-Mesitran Tulle® as a wound dressing, highlighting that even this “high purity medical grade of lanolin” (Medilan™) contained in L-Mesitran Tulle® can cause an allergic contact dermatitis.O L-Mesitran Tulle® é um penso não aderente de polietileno popular, impregnado com o gel L-Mesitran Soft patenteado que contém Medilan™, considerada uma "lanolina hipoalergénica". A lanolina é um alergénio bem conhecido e a prevalência de alergia de contato aos álcoois de lanolina varia de 0,6% a 6,9%. Relatamos o caso de um doente que desenvolveu eczema ao redor de úlcera da perna enquanto realizava cuidados de peno com o L-Mesitran Tulle®, destacando que mesmo essa "lanolina de grau médico de alta pureza" (Medilan™) contida no L-Mesitran Tulle® pode causar dermatite de contacto alérgica