Evaluation of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons oil-oil maturity correlation parameters (SE Pannonian Basin, Serbia)

Twenty three crude oils from the Serbian part of the Pannonian Basin (14 from the Vojvodina Province and 9 from the Drmno Depression) were investigated, aimed at an evaluation of oil-oil maturity correlation parameters based on the distribution and abundance of saturated biomarkers and alkylarene constituents. Factor and cluster analyses were used for this purpose. Factor analyses using varimax rotation were first run separately, i.e., of maturity parameters based on the abundance of (a) n-alkanes and isoprenoids, (b) steranes and triterpanes, (c) alkylnaphthalenes, and (d) alkylphenanthrenes. These analyses yielded 9 important "maturity factors". Eight of them, showing higher than 30 % of variance, were further involved in another factor analysis, as well as in cluster analysis using the Ward method. In this way, all maturity parameters based on saturated biomarkers and alkylarenes were evaluated and ranged, considering the fact that the observed factors represented their linear combinations. The results showed that in the correlation of crude oils from the Serbian part of the Pannonian Basin, the most important were maturity parameters based on isomerization reactions involving one methyl group in thermodynamically less stable alpha-methylnaphthalenes, ethylnaphthalenes, dimethylnaphthalenes and methylphenanthrenes, and their change into more stable isomers with the methyl group in the beta-position in the aromatic ring. Processes constituting high loadings factor 2 and factor 3 parameters were also defined. Hierarchy between the "factors" and parameters were controlled, and approved, by cluster analysis using the Ward method. Finally, the investigated crude oils were correlated by factor and cluster analyses, using all the important "maturity factors". Differences in maturity were observed between the Vojvodina and Drmno Depression crude oils, as well as between oils originating from South Banat, North Banat and the Velebit oil field (Vojvodina locality)

Phenanthrene and Methylphenanthrene Isomers in Maturity Assessment of Biodegraded Crude Oils (Sakhalin, Russia)

This paper is aimed at defining two new advantageous maturation parameters based on distribution and abundance of phenanthrene (P) and methylphenanthrene (MP) isomers in the tricyclic fraction of aromatic hydrocarbons: MPI 3+1/PAI 1 and [2(2-MP+3-MP)+P]/1-MP. The applicability of newly proposed parameters was checked by correlation analysis. Depth of the reservoir rock, diasterane maturation parameter, as well as several typical aromatic fraction maturation parameters were used for this purpose. The examined oils (fourteen samples from nine oil fields of Sakhalin Island, Russia), were of Miocene age and from reservoir rocks of relatively wide range of depths (73-2841 m). All samples represented biodegraded, or mixtures of biodegraded and nonbiodegraded oils [1]

Разработка технологии изготовления детали «Плоская пружина»

Плоская пружина – деталь, входящая в сборку узла динамометрической оправки, предназначенной для алмазного выглаживания. Цель работы: анализ и совершенствование технологического процесса изготовления детали "Плоская пружина"; назначение режимов резания и инструмента для обработки детали; проектирование приспособления для изготовления детали "Плоская пружина". Были рассчитаны технологические размеры; даны рекомендации по выбору режимов резания, инструмента и оборудования. При усовершенствовании технологического процесса было выполнено: выбраны базы и схемы установки; разработана маршрутная и операционная технология; определены технологические допуски, припуски на операционные размеры; выбрано нужное оборудование с ЧПУ, приспособления и инструмент для обработки детали.Flat spring–part included in assembly diamond chuck for diamond smoothing. Objective: analysis and improvement of the technological process of manufacturing parts "Flat Spring"; the appointment of cutting modes and tools for machining; design tools for the manufacture of parts "flat spring". The technological dimensions were calculated; are given recommendations on the choice of cutting modes, tools and equipment. With the improvement of the technological process it was performed: the bases and installation diagrams were selected; route and operational technology developed; defined technological tolerances allowances for operating dimensions; selected CNC equipment, fixtures and tools for machining the part; calculated cutting conditions and basic standards

Hierarchy of maturation parameters in oil-source rock correlations. case study: Drmno depression, southeastern Pannonian Basin, Serbia and Montenegro

Hierarchy of triterpane, sterane, naphthalene and phenanthrene maturation parameters in oil-source rock correlations (Drinno depression, southeastern part of the Pannonian Basin, Serbia and Montenegro) was evaluated. Different triterpane and sterane parameters were found to be very similar in all investigated samples. Phenanthrene and naphthalene maturation parameters demonstrated much less uniformity, and thus higher applicability. In order to establish a detailed hierarchy of these maturation parameters, the factor analysis was used. Parameters based on isomerization reactions (alpha - gt beta) of methylnaphthatenes and methylphenanthrenes, having high loadings, defined the statistically most significant factor 1. Parameters based on dealkylation processes of dimethyl- and trimethylphenanthrenes into methylphenanthrenes, having extremely high loadings values, determined factor 2. In the last significant, factor 3, high loadings were observed with triterpane and sterane parameters. The factor analysis involving just the phenanthrene and naphthalene isomerization parameters, classified methylphenanthrene isomerization parameters into factor 1. Among the naphthalene isomerization maturation parameters a certain hierarchy was also observed, which depended on whether the parameters represented isomer ratios which differed on the position of one or two alkyl groups. General conclusion based on factor analysis is in agreement with theoretical presumptions concerning the transformations of phenanthrene and naphthalene isomers. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

The Effect of Pre-Ozonation of Natural Bitumen on the Rate of Cracking Reactions

Исследован крекинг предварительно обработанных озоном природных битумов в различных условиях. Предварительная обработка природных битумов позволила интенсифицировать процесс деструкции высокомолекулярных компонентов сырья, содержание которых уменьшилось на 8–15 % мас. В полученных жидких продуктах крекинга преобладают масла от 70 до 80 % мас. На основании формализованной модели термического превращения высокомолекулярных компонентов сырья рассчитаны константы скоростей реакций термолиза битумов (k) и определено влияние предварительной обработки озоно-кислородной смеси битумов на протекающие реакции крекингаThe effect of bitumen ozone-oxygen mixture pretreatment followed by cracking on thermolysis processes was investigated. Pretreatment of natural bitumen allowed to intensify the process of destruction of high-molecular components of raw materials, the content of which decreased by 8–15% wt. In the resulting liquid cracking products, oils predominate from 70 to 80% wt. Based on the formalized model of the thermal transformation of high-molecular components of the raw material, the rate constants of the bitumen thermolysis reactions (k) and the effect of pretreatment of the ozoneoxygen bitumen mixture on the cracking reactions are calculate

Thermal Transformations of Asphaltenes at a Temperature of 120 °C

Проведен термолиз асфальтенов трех тяжелых нефтей при температуре 120 °C в токе N2 с выводом образующихся продуктов из реакционной зоны. На основании данных о составе и структуре продуктов термолиза установлено, что при 120 °C нефтяные афальтены подвержены термической деструкции за счет разрыва ковалентных связей с образованием газа, масел и смол, суммарное содержание которых может превышать 13 % мас. Показано, что основными направлениями термических превращений асфальтенов в процессе термолиза являются увеличение фактора ароматичности со снижением доли нафтенового и алифатического углерода. Реакционная способность и глубина термических превращений асфальтеновых молекул зависят от количества в них реакционных центров, представляющих собой слабую алифатическую гетероатомную связь С–Het и/или Het–Het, дестабилизированную электроноакцепторными функциональными группами и нафтеноароматическими структурными блоками с высоким содержанием гетероатомов. Именно комплексное воздействие дестабилизирующих факторов снижает энергию разрыва связи С–Het и/или Het–Het и делает возможной ее распад при 120 °CThermolysis of asphaltenes from three heavy oils was carried out at a temperature of 120 °C in a current of N2 with the withdrawal of the resulting products from the reaction zone. Composition and structure analysis of thermolysis products showed, that at 120 °C petroleum afaltenes are subject to thermal destruction due to breaking of covalent bonds with the formation of gas, oils and resins, exceed 13 % by weight. It is established that the main directions of asphaltene thermal transformations during thermolysis are an increase aromaticity and decrease content of naphthenic and aliphatic carbon. The reactivity and thermal transformations intensity of asphaltene molecules depend on the number of reaction centers in them. Reaction centers represent a weak aliphatic heteroatomic C–Het and/or Het–Het bond, destabilized by electron acceptor functional groups and naphthenicaromatic structural blocks with a high content of heteroatoms. It is complex effect of destabilizing factors reduces the energy of breaking the C–Het and/or Het–Het bond and makes it possible for it to decompose at 120 °

Combined Cracking Residue and Mechanical Activation Oil Shale

Исследован совместный крекинг механоактивированного горючего сланца и нефтяного остатка. Введение горючего сланца позволило интенсифицировать процесс деструкции высокомолекулярных компонентов нефтяного остатка. При увеличении доли горючего сланца в реакционной смеси в продуктах крекинга снижается количество асфальтенов с 4,2 до 2,8 % мас., смол с 6,7 до 4,8 % мас. В полученных жидких продуктах термолиза преобладают масла от 40,2 до 81,1 % мас. В газообразных продуктах увеличивается доля углекислого газа и монооксида углерода. Введение механоактивированного горючего сланца влияет на фракционный состав продуктов термолиза, изменяя количественное соотношение бензиновых (НК – 200 °С) и дизельных фракций (200–360 °С)The joint cracking of mechanically activated oil shale and petroleum residue was studied. The introduction of oil shale allowed to intensify the process of destruction of high-molecular components of the petroleum residue. In the obtained liquid thermolysis products, oils predominate from 40,2 to 81,1% wt. With an increase in the share of oil shale in the cracking products, the proportion of asphaltenes decreases from 4,2 to 2,8% wt, and of tar from 6,7 to 4,8% wt. In gaseous products, the proportion of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide increases markedly. The introduction of mechanically activated oil shale also affects the fractional composition of thermolysis products; the proportion of gasoline (IPB – 200 °С) and diesel fractions (200–360 °С) change

Cracking of Heavy Oil at Presence of Zeolite Y Modified of Nickel Nanopowder

Изучен процесс термического и каталитического крекинга тяжелой нефти в присутствии цеолита Y, содержащего наноразмерный порошок никеля, при температуре 450 °С, давлении 0,5…0,7 МПа и продолжительности реакции 60 и 120 мин. Установлено, что наибольший выход фракций, выкипающих до 350 °С, наблюдается при крекинге нефти с добавкой 5,0 % мас. катализатора 2,0 % Ni/HY в течение 60 мин и составляет 67,1 %. Приводятся данные спектрометрии ЯМР 1Н, группового и вещественного состава продуктов термического и каталитического крекинга тяжелой нефти. Показано, что в жидком продукте каталитического крекинга нефти с добавкой 2,0 % Ni/HY содержится меньше смол и асфальтенов и больше масел по сравнению с жидкими продуктами термического и каталитического крекинга в присутствии HY.Process of thermal and catalytic cracking of heavy oil at presence of zeolite Y containing nickel nanopowder is studied at temperature 450 °С, pressure 0,5 … 0,7 МПа and durations of reaction 60 and 120 minutes It is shown, that the greatest yield of the distillate fractions boiling up to 350 °С is obtained via crude oil catalytic cracking by an addition of 5 % mas. catalyst 2,0 % Ni/HY during of experiment of 60 min, it is 67,1 %. Data of spectrometry of a nuclear magnetic resonance Н1, group and material constitution of products of thermal and catalytic cracking of heavy oil are cited. It is shown, that liquid product of catalytic cracking of heavy oil with the additive of 2,0 % Ni/HY contained the least quantity of resins and asphaltenes and grater quantity of oils in comparison with liquid products of thermal and catalytic cracking by addition catalyst HY

Cracking of Heavy Oil at Presence of Zeolite Y Modified of Nickel Nanopowder

Изучен процесс термического и каталитического крекинга тяжелой нефти в присутствии цеолита Y, содержащего наноразмерный порошок никеля, при температуре 450 °С, давлении 0,5…0,7 МПа и продолжительности реакции 60 и 120 мин. Установлено, что наибольший выход фракций, выкипающих до 350 °С, наблюдается при крекинге нефти с добавкой 5,0 % мас. катализатора 2,0 % Ni/HY в течение 60 мин и составляет 67,1 %. Приводятся данные спектрометрии ЯМР 1Н, группового и вещественного состава продуктов термического и каталитического крекинга тяжелой нефти. Показано, что в жидком продукте каталитического крекинга нефти с добавкой 2,0 % Ni/HY содержится меньше смол и асфальтенов и больше масел по сравнению с жидкими продуктами термического и каталитического крекинга в присутствии HY.Process of thermal and catalytic cracking of heavy oil at presence of zeolite Y containing nickel nanopowder is studied at temperature 450 °С, pressure 0,5 … 0,7 МПа and durations of reaction 60 and 120 minutes It is shown, that the greatest yield of the distillate fractions boiling up to 350 °С is obtained via crude oil catalytic cracking by an addition of 5 % mas. catalyst 2,0 % Ni/HY during of experiment of 60 min, it is 67,1 %. Data of spectrometry of a nuclear magnetic resonance Н1, group and material constitution of products of thermal and catalytic cracking of heavy oil are cited. It is shown, that liquid product of catalytic cracking of heavy oil with the additive of 2,0 % Ni/HY contained the least quantity of resins and asphaltenes and grater quantity of oils in comparison with liquid products of thermal and catalytic cracking by addition catalyst HY