American Transfer Policies : Costs and Benefits

Cet article examine les politiques de nombreuses compagnies américaines en matière de mutation géographique des cadres. Ceci peut avoir un impact direct sur les cadres canadiens, s'ils sont employés par des filiales canadiennes de firmes américaines ou indirectement si les compagnies canadiennes commencent à imiter les pratiques de leurs voisins du Sud.Plusieurs firmes américaines ont l'habitude d'accroître le nombre et le pourcentage des cadres mutés à chaque année. Les directeurs généraux et les cadres moyens attachés au marketing à l'intérieur des compagnies multi-firmes et multi-établissements sont les plus sujets à connaître de tels changements.Il y a des bénéfices et des coûts à de telles pratiques. Du côté bénéfices, notons la promotion plus rapide des cadres qui acceptent de déménager et la meilleure allocation des ressources par les compagnies souvent prises avec des vacances d'emploi qui nécessiteraient une longue période de formation si elles recrutaient en dehors de la compagnie. Les coûts sont cependant très sérieux, et ce tant pour les compagnies que pour les cadres eux-mêmes. Pour les premières, il peut en coûter entre $5,000. et$10,000. pour couvrir les frais de déménagement. En plus, notons les pertes économiques des cadres eux-mêmes au moment de la vente de leur maison, de leur ménage, etc. S'ajoute à tout cela un coût social, peut-être plus important : les liens avec les amis et les parents, les changements d'école pour les enfants, etc.Les compagnies à caractère plus démocratique ont beaucoup plus essayé de trouver des solutions aux problèmes présentés que les compagnies qui ne s'occupent que de la production. Par exemple, notons le système qui veut que la mutation soit approuvée par le cadre lui-même une fois rendu au nouveau lieu de résidence. Si après six mois d'essai le cadre (et sa famille) n'est pas satisfait de la nouvelle résidence, il peut retourner d'où il vient et être réintégré dans son ancien emploi. Il existe un autre système plus simple mais qui a des conséquences plus sérieuses vis-à-vis l'autorité de la direction. Lorsqu'une vacance d'emploi se crée, le cadre responsable avise tous les intéressés du nouveau poste et les invite à le contacter. Cette invitation à faire faire le premier pas par ceux qui sont sujets à remplir la vacance d'emploi fournit plus de candidats que si les cadres responsables choisissaient eux-mêmes ceux qui sont aptes à remplir le nouveau poste.Ces systèmes semblent grandement appropriés à la situation canadienne. Ils permettent la meilleure application des théories des sciences du comportement et donnent la possibilité à tous les Canadiens de connaître une carrière entièrement canadienne ou canadienne et internationale. Il est à souhaiter que les corporations américaines commencent à utiliser ces systèmes dans un avenir très rapproché.This article reviews Canadian-American business relations, describes how Canadian can be affected by transfer policies, discusses the causes, the costs and benefits of this policy and examines some policy implications for personnel administration in Canada and the United States

Not all surveillance data are created equal—A multi‐method dynamic occupancy approach to determine rabies elimination from wildlife

1. A necessary component of elimination programmes for wildlife disease is effective surveillance. The ability to distinguish between disease freedom and non‐detection can mean the difference between a successful elimination campaign and new epizootics. Understanding the contribution of different surveillance methods helps to optimize and better allocate effort and develop more effective surveillance programmes. 2. We evaluated the probability of rabies virus elimination (disease freedom) in an enzootic area with active management using dynamic occupancy modelling of 10 years of raccoon rabies virus (RABV) surveillance data (2006–2015) collected from three states in the eastern United States. We estimated detection probability of RABV cases for each surveillance method (e.g. strange acting reports, roadkill, surveillance‐trapped animals, nuisance animals and public health samples) used by the USDA National Rabies Management Program. 3. Strange acting, found dead and public health animals were the most likely to detect RABV when it was present, and generally detectability was higher in fall– winter compared to spring–summer. Found dead animals in fall–winter had the highest detection at 0.33 (95% CI: 0.20, 0.48). Nuisance animals had the lowest detection probabilities (~0.02). 4. Areas with oral rabies vaccination (ORV) management had reduced occurrence probability compared to enzootic areas without ORV management. RABV occurrence was positively associated with deciduous and mixed forests and medium to high developed areas, which are also areas with higher raccoon (Procyon lotor) densities. By combining occupancy and detection estimates we can create a probability of elimination surface that can be updated seasonally to provide guidance on areas managed for wildlife disease. 5. Synthesis and applications. Wildlife disease surveillance is often comprised of a combination of targeted and convenience‐based methods. Using a multi‐method analytical approach allows us to compare the relative strengths of these methods, providing guidance on resource allocation for surveillance actions. Applying this multi‐method approach in conjunction with dynamic occupancy analyses better informs management decisions by understanding ecological drivers of disease occurrence

Cumulative structure function in terms of nucleonic wave function of the nucleus

The structure function of the nucleus in the cumulative region $x>1$ is studied in terms of nucleon degrees of freedom. At high $Q^2$ the resulting expressions are presented as a sum of contributions from few-nucleon correlations. Two-nucleon correlations are studied in some detail. Spin variables are averaged out. In the region $1<x<2$ the structure functions are calculated for the relativistic interaction proposed by F.Gross {\it et al}. They are found to fall with $x$ faster than the exponential. For Carbon at $x=1.05$, where the method is not rigorously applicable, they turn out to be rougly twice larger than the experimental data.Comment: text and 2 figures in LaTex, 7 figures in P

Impact of Motor Therapy with Dynamic Body-Weight Support on Functional Independence Measures in Traumatic Brain Injury: An Exploratory Study

BACKGROUND: Contemporary goals of rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury (TBI) aim to improve cognitive and motor function by applying concepts of neuroplasticity. This can be challenging to carry out in TBI patients with motor, balance, and cognitive impairments. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether use of dynamic body-weight support (DBWS) would allow safe administration of intensive motor therapy during inpatient rehabilitation and whether its use would yield greater improvement in functional recovery than standard-of-care (SOC) therapy in adults with TBI. METHODS: Data in this retrospective cohort study was collected from patients with TBI who receive inpatient rehabilitation incorporating DBWS (n = 6) and who received inpatient rehabilitation without DBWS (SOC, n = 6). The primary outcome measure was the change in Functional Independence Measures (FIM) scores from admission to discharge. RESULTS: There was significant improvement in total FIM scores at discharge compared to admission for both the DBWS (p = 0.001) and SOC (p = 0.005) groups. Overall, the DBWS group had greater improvement in total FIM score and FIM subscales compared to the SOC group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest DBWS has the potential to allow a greater intensity of therapy during inpatient rehabilitation and yield better outcomes compared to SOC in patients with TBI

Temporal change in maternal dietary intake during pregnancy and lactation between and within 2 pregnancy cohorts assembled in the United Kingdom

Background: The association between maternal and infant dietary exposures and risk of allergic disease development is an area of considerable scientific uncertainty. Objective: This study aims to compare dietary habits during pregnancy and lactation in two pre-birth cohorts from the same location approximately 10 years apart, a timeframe characterised by changes in government dietary advice. Methods: The FAIR cohort is an unselected birth cohort born between 2001-2002. The 3rd generation cohort was born between 2010-2018. Both cohorts were established on the Isle of Wight (UK) to investigate prevalence of allergic diseases. Nutrition and allergy data was collected prospectively from recruitment and throughout the infant’s early life. Here we present dietary data collected in the third trimester of pregnancy and at three months of age. Differences between cohorts were tested using t-tests, Wilcoxon rank sum tests, chi-squared and Fisher’s exact tests. Results: Data was available for 1331 participants (969 FAIR and 362 3rd generation). The proportion of mothers that reported excluding peanuts during pregnancy was significantly lower for the 3rd generation compared to the FAIR cohort (16.0% vs. 55.6%, p < 0.01). Cohort membership, primiparity, and maternal education were significantly associated with excluding peanuts during pregnancy (p < 0.01). The proportion of mothers who reported excluding any foods during breastfeeding was significantly lower for the 3rd generation compared to the FAIR cohort (22.8% vs. 43.4%, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Maternal exclusion of peanut during pregnancy was lower for mothers giving birth between 2012-2018, compared to mothers giving birth between 2001-2002

Measurement of the Proton Asymmetry Parameter C in Neutron Beta Decay

The proton asymmetry parameter C in neutron decay describes the correlation between neutron spin and proton momentum. In this Letter, the first measurement of this quantity is presented. The result C=-0.2377(26) agrees with the Standard Model expectation. The coefficient C provides an additional parameter for new and improved Standard Model tests. From a differential analysis of the same data (assuming the Standard Model), we obtain lambda=-1.275(16) as ratio of axial-vector and vector coupling constant.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure