Photographic representation of the smile on the Chaco´s ethnographic images of Guido Boggiani and Grete Stern

El propósito de este trabajo fue explorar la relación entre las imágenes etnográficas y las expresiones de risa de los sujetos retratados en ellas. El corpus de análisis lo conformaron los retratos de indígenas del Chaco paraguayo obtenidos por Guido Boggiani (1896-1901) y del Chaco argentino registrados por Grete Stern (1958-1964). Examinando argumentos provenientes de la Historia Cultural y la Estética de la fotografía, el trabajo advirtió que la sonrisa obedece a una situación de interrelación y proximidad. Situación que se asimila a la establecida entre fotógrafos y fotografiados y que atempera la violencia transferida por la mayoría de los registros etnográficos. Tras indagar en la producción, circulación y recepción de los retratos de indígenas sonriendo logrados por Boggiani y Stern, es posible concluir que la sonrisa constituye un matiz visual dentro de la representación fotográfica de la alteridad chaqueña. Matiz que traiciona las expectativas de un discurso académico atento al agravio moral y el impacto emocional.The intention of this work was to explore the relation between the ethnographical images and the expressions of laughter of the subjects portrayed in them. Corpus of analysis conformed the pictures of natives of the Paraguayan Chaco obtained by Guido Boggiani (1896-1901) and of the Argentine Chaco registered by Grete Stern (1958-1964). Examining arguments of the Cultural History and Aesthetic of the photography, it noticed that the smile obeys to a situation of interrelation and proximity. Situation that is assimilated to the established one between photographed photographers and that adjusts the violence transferred by most of the ethnographic registries. After investigating in the production, circulation and reception of the pictures of natives smiling obtained by Boggiani and Stern, conclude that the smile constitutes a visual shade within the photographic representation of the natives of Chaco. Shade that betrays the expectations of a kind academic speech to the moral offense and the emotional impact.Fil: Giordano, Mariana Lilian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Nordeste. Instituto de Investigaciones Geohistóricas (i); ArgentinaFil: Reyero, Alejandra Paola Yanina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Nordeste. Instituto de Investigaciones Geohistóricas (i); Argentin

Primary Psychosis: Risk and Protective Factors and Early Detection of the Onset

Primary psychosis, which includes schizophrenia and other psychoses not caused by other psychic or physical conditions, has a strong impact worldwide in terms of disability, suffering and costs. Consequently, improvement of strategies to reduce the incidence and to improve the prognosis of this disorder is a current need. The purpose of this work is to review the current scientific literature on the main risk and protective factors of primary psychosis and to examine the main models of prevention, especially those related to the early detection of the onset. The conditions more strongly associated with primary psychosis are socio-demographic and economic factors such as male gender, birth in winter, ethnic minority, immigrant status, and difficult socio-economic conditions while the best-established preventive factors are elevated socio-economic status and an economic well-being. Risk and protective factors may be the targets for primordial, primary, and secondary preventive strategies. Acting on modifiable factors may reduce the incidence of the disorder or postpone its onset, while an early detection of the new cases enables a prompt treatment and a consequential better prognosis. According to this evidence, the study of the determinants of primary psychosis has a pivotal role in designing and promoting preventive policies aimed at reducing the burden of disability and suffering of the disorder

Building large-scale spatially explicit models to predict the distribution of suitable habitat patches for the Greater rhea (Rhea americana), a near-threatened species

We developed large-scale spatially explicit models to predict the distribution of suitable habitat patches for the Greater rhea (Rhea americana), a near-threatened species, in two areas of central Argentina with different land use: a grassland area (ca. 4943 km2) mainly devoted to cattle grazing and an agro-ecosystem area (ca. 4006 km2) mostly used for crop production. The models were developed using logistic regression and were based on current records of Greater rhea occurrence coupled with remote sensing data, including land cover and human presence variables. The habitat suitability maps generated were used to predict the suitable habitat patch structure for wild rhea populations in each area. Fifty-one percent of the total grassland area was suitable for the species, being represented by a single large patch that included 62% of the individual locations. In the agro-ecosystem, only 28% of the total area was suitable, which was distributed among four patches. Seventy percent of rhea observations were in suitable habitat, with all rheas grouped in the largest patch. Conservation efforts for preserving wild rhea populations should be focused on maintaining habitats similar to grasslands, which are less profitable for landowners at present. Consequently, the protection of the pampas grasslands, a key habitat for this species as well as for others with similar habitat requirements, will demand strong conservation actions through the reconciliation of interests between producers and conservationists, since the proportion of croplands is increasing.Fil: Giordano, Paola Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Navarro, Joaquin Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Martella, Monica Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; Argentin

Exceptional circumstance drug dispensing: history and expenditures of the Brazilian Ministry of Health

OBJECTIVE: To describe the technical aspects of the Exceptional Circumstance Drug Dispensing Program of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, especially with respect to the cost of dispensed medication. METHODS: Technical information was obtained from the ordinances that regulate the Program. Expenditure from 2000 to 2007 was obtained from the Sistema Único de Saúde's (Unified Healthcare System) Outpatient Information System. All drugs dispensed between 1993 and 2009 and the amount and cost of each procedure were evaluated, based on information from the high-complexity procedure authorization of each of the country's states. RESULTS: The Program changed with the increase in the number of pharmacological agents and presentations distributed by, and the number of diseases contemplated in the program. In 1993, the program distributed 15 pharmacological agents in 31 distinct presentations. This number increased to 109 agents in 243 presentations in 2009. Total Ministry of Health expenditure with medications was R$1,410,181,600.74 in 2007, almost twice the amount spent in 2000, R$684,975,404.43. Diseases whose expenditure increased in the period included chronic renal insufficiency, transplantation, and hepatitis C. CONCLUSIONS: The Exceptional Circumstance Drug Dispensing Program is in constant transformation, aimed at building instruments and strategies that can ensure and expand access to medication among the population. Alternatives should be sought to decrease the financial impact of the Program to a level that does not impact other sectors of the health care system, given the high cost associated with novel interventions.OBJETIVO: Describir aspectos técnicos del Programa de Medicamentos de Dispensación en Carácter Excepcional del Ministerio de Salud de Brasil, especialmente con relación a los gastos con los medicamentos distribuidos. MÉTODOS: Los aspectos técnicos fueron obtenidos por medio de consulta a todas los reglamentos que rigen el Programa. Gastos en el período de 2000 a 2007 fueron obtenidos del Sistema de Informaciones Ambulatorias del Sistema Único de Salud. Se analizaron los medicamentos dispensados de 1993 a 2009, cantidades y valor de cada procedimiento, informado en las autorizaciones de procedimientos de alta complejidad para cada estado. RESULTADOS: El Programa cambió, con aumento del número de fármacos y presentaciones farmacéuticas distribuidas y de enfermedades contempladas. Eran distribuidos 15 fármacos en 31 diferentes presentaciones farmacéuticas en 1993, pasando para 109 fármacos en 243 presentaciones en 2009. Los gastos totales del Ministerio de Salud con medicamentos sumaron, en 2007, R$1.410.181.600,74, casi el doble del valor gastado en el año 2000: R$ 684.975.404,43. Algunas enfermedades que representaron mayor gastos en ese período fueron: insuficiencia renal crónica, trasplante y hepatitis C. CONCLUSIONES: El Programa de Medicamentos de Dispensación en Carácter Excepcional está en constante transformación, buscando mejorar los instrumentos y estrategias que aseguren y amplíen el acceso de la población a los medicamentos. Se deben buscar alternativas para reducir el impacto financiero del Programa para que no exista prejuicio hacia las otras áreas del sistema de salud, dado el costo elevado de las nuevas tecnologías.OBJETIVO: Descrever aspectos técnicos do Programa de Medicamentos de Dispensação em Caráter Excepcional do Ministério de Saúde do Brasil, especialmente em relação aos gastos com os medicamentos distribuídos. MÉTODOS: Os aspectos técnicos foram obtidos por meio de consulta a todas as portarias que regulamentaram o Programa. Gastos no período de 2000 a 2007 foram obtidos do Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais do Sistema Único de Saúde. Foram analisados os medicamentos dispensados de 1993 a 2009, quantidades e valor de cada procedimento informados nas autorizações de procedimentos de alta complexidade para cada estado. RESULTADOS: O Programa mudou, com aumento do número de fármacos e apresentações farmacêuticas distribuídas e de doenças contempladas. Eram distribuídos 15 fármacos em 31 diferentes apresentações farmacêuticas em 1993, passando para 109 fármacos em 243 apresentações em 2009. Os gastos totais do Ministério da Saúde com medicamentos somaram, em 2007, R$1.410.181.600,74, quase o dobro do valor gasto em 2000: R$ 684.975.404,43. Algumas das doenças que representaram maiores gastos nesse período foram: insuficiência renal crônica, transplante e hepatite C. CONCLUSÕES: O Programa de Medicamentos de Dispensação em Caráter Excepcional está em constante transformação, visando aprimorar os instrumentos e estratégias que assegurem e ampliem o acesso da população aos medicamentos. Devem-se buscar alternativas para reduzir o impacto financeiro do Programa para que não haja prejuízos às outras áreas do sistema de saúde, dado o custo elevado das novas tecnologias