Modalities and indications of locoregional treatments in digestive neuroendocrine tumours

Les traitements locorégionaux des métastases hépatiques des tumeurs neuroendocrines du tube digestif sont dominés par la chimioembolisation et la radioembolisation. La chimioembolisation (usuellement à la doxorubicine ou à la streptozotocine) est bien tolérée et efficace sur les symptômes notamment sécrétoires et sur la taille tumorale (taux de réponse objective entre 30 et 60 %) ; son bénéfice en survie est très probable. L’utilisation des billes chargées en chimiothérapie semble prometteuse mais sa tolérance est mal évaluée. La radioembolisation aux microsphères chargées à l’Yttrium 90 semble également efficace et bien tolérée. Les contre-indications (notamment les anastomoses biliodigestives) doivent être connues pour limiter les toxicités. Les indications ne sont pas bien codifiées mais ces traitements semblent raisonnables dans les maladies métastatiques classées G1 ou G2 évolutives en première (carcinoïdes) ou seconde/troisième ligne (tumeurs pancréatiques) thérapeutique.Loco-regional treatments of liver metastases from neuroendocrine tumors are represented by transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and radioembolization. TACE (usually with doxorubicin or streptozotocin) is well tolerated and associated with symptomatic improvements and objective tumor responses rates ranging from 30 to 60%. The use of chemotherapy-loaded microspheres seems promising. Radioembolization (90Y-microspheres) also gives promising results. Contra-indications, particularly bilio-digestive anastomosis, need to be considered in order to avoid severe side effects. Best indications are not well recognized, but progressive metastases from G1-G2 tumors in first (GI tract) or second/third (pancreatic tumors) lines seem to benefit from those therapeutic options

Gene expression profiling of patient‐derived pancreatic cancer xenografts predicts sensitivity to the BET bromodomain inhibitor JQ1: implications for individualized medicine efforts

Abstract c‐MYC controls more than 15% of genes responsible for proliferation, differentiation, and cellular metabolism in pancreatic as well as other cancers making this transcription factor a prime target for treating patients. The transcriptome of 55 patient‐derived xenografts show that 30% of them share an exacerbated expression profile of MYC transcriptional targets (MYC‐high). This cohort is characterized by a high level of Ki67 staining, a lower differentiation state, and a shorter survival time compared to the MYC‐low subgroup. To define classifier expression signature, we selected a group of 10 MYC target transcripts which expression is increased in the MYC‐high group and six transcripts increased in the MYC‐low group. We validated the ability of these markers panel to identify MYC‐high patient‐derived xenografts from both: discovery and validation cohorts as well as primary cell cultures from the same patients. We then showed that cells from MYC‐high patients are more sensitive to JQ1 treatment compared to MYC‐low cells, in monolayer, 3D cultured spheroids and in vivo xenografted tumors, due to cell cycle arrest followed by apoptosis. Therefore, these results provide new markers and potentially novel therapeutic modalities for distinct subgroups of pancreatic tumors and may find application to the future management of these patients within the setting of individualized medicine clinics

Transcriptomic Analysis Predicts Clinical Outcome and Sensitivity to Anticancer Drugs of Patients with a Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Etude à l'aide des outils de transcriptomique de 17 cultures primaires, maintenues à l'état vivant par xénogreffes et cultures cellulaires, et issues de patients ayant présenté un adénocarcinome pancréatique. Par clustering hiérarchique basée sur l'ensemble des gènes du transcriptome tumoral, 5 patients avec dénomination anonyme se sont fortement distingués des autres patients et présentaient de façon similaire des tumeurs peu différenciées sur le plan histologique et une survie péjorative de moins de 8 mois. Dans cette population de « courts survivants », un total de 942 gènes exprimés de façon significativement différentielle a été retrouvé. Parmi ces gènes, 439 gènes sont apparus significativement sous exprimés et 505 gènes significativement surexprimés (fold change ≥2). L'analyse par GO a montré que parmi ces 942 gènes différentiellement exprimés, nous avons retrouvé un enrichissement important chez les courts survivants, des gènes impliqués dans le cycle cellulaire et l'activité mitotique, la réponse cellulaire au stress, le métabolisme cellulaire ainsi que le métabolisme de l'ADN et l'organisation chromosomique. Par ailleurs, nous avons choisi parmi les 17 cultures primaires, les 3 lignées cellulaires les plus sensibles et les 3 les plus résistantes aux drogues selon les résultats des tests de « Chimiogramme ». Plusieurs gènes ont été identifiés comme spécifiquement surexprimés ou sous-exprimés en relation avec une sensibilité ou une résistance particulières des cellules aux drogues utilisées. Nous avons identifié 671 gènes associés à la gemcitabine, 1107 à l'oxaliplatine, 308 au 5-FU et seulement 34 et 46 au docétaxel et au SN38 respectivement.We developed an efficient strategy in which PDAC samples from 17 consecutive patients were collected by Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration (EUS-FNA) or surgery and preserved, by an original approach, as breathing tumors by xenografting and as a primary culture of epithelial cells. Transcriptomic analysis was performed from breathing tumors by an Affymetrix approach. We observed a significant heterogeneity in the RNA expression profile of tumors. However, the bioinformatic analysis of this data was able to discriminate between patients with long- and short-term survival corresponding to patients carrying poorly-differentiated PDAC tumors respectively. We identified 942 genes with statically different expression. Among these genes, 439 were under-expressed and 505 genes over-expressed (fold change ≥2) in short survivors. Primary culture of cells allowed us to analyze their relative sensitivity to anticancer drugs in vitro by a "Chemogram", by similarity with the antibiogram for microorganisms, establishing an individual profile of drug sensitivity. As expected, the response was patient-dependent. Interestingly, we also found that the transcriptome analysis predict the sensitivity of cells to the five anticancer drugs the most frequently used to treating patients with PDAC. In conclusion, using this approach, we found that the transcriptomic analysis could predict the sensitivity to anticancer drugs and the clinical outcome of patients with PDAC

Potential of ramucirumab in treating hepatocellular carcinoma patients with elevated baseline alpha-fetoprotein

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents similar to 90% of primary liver cancers and constitutes a major global health problem. Since a decade ago, the management of advanced disease that cannot be locally treated has mainly been based on multi-targeted antiangiogenic therapies. Some have demonstrated improvement in overall survival over best supportive care in first-and second-line treatment. This study focused on the efficacy of antiangiogenics in patients with advanced HCC and particularly the rising role of ramucirumab in patients with elevated alpha-fetoprotein at diagnosis

Hyperprogressive Disease in Anorectal Melanoma Treated by PD-1 Inhibitors

The 5-year survival rate of primary anorectal malignant melanoma is less than 20%. Optimal treatment of this condition remains controversial regarding locally disease, and whether any preferential survival benefit arises from either abdominoperineal resection or wide local excision remains unknown. The majority of patients progress to metastatic disease, and for decades, the use of chemotherapies, such as platines or dacarbazine, has been advocated to improve overall survival. The therapeutic use of new checkpoint inhibitors in a variety of trials has provided evidence for an antitumoral effect of PD-1 and/or CTL4 inhibitors in mucosal melanomas, but these treatments must still be further evaluated. Some anecdotal occurrences of rapid progression [i.e., hyperprogressive disease (HPD)] while using these immune agents have been described, suggesting potentially deleterious effects of these drugs for some patients. We report a 77-year-old male metastatic anorectal melanoma patient presenting with HPD over 2 months of a PD1 inhibitor treatment course and document this HPD blood phenotype

Yttrium-90 microsphere radioembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma

International audienceYttrium-90 (Y90) radioembolization is an emerging strategy to treat liver malignancies, and clinical data supporting its use have accumulated in recent years. Y90-radioembolization has shown clinical effectiveness in intermediate and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, with a favorable safety profile. Retrospective data show similar levels of effectiveness to transarterial chemoembolization in intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma, with some evidence of better tolerance. While phase 3 studies comparing Y90-radioembolization to chemoembolization in intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma would be difficult to conduct, studies comparing or combining Y90-radioembolization with sorafenib are under way. Questions also remain about the most suitable modalities for defining the dose to administer. Phase 3 studies are under way to clarify the place of Y90-radioembolization in the algorithm of HCC treatmen

Bazex Syndrome Revealing a Gastric Cancer

We herein report the case of a 73-year-old woman who developed skin and nail disorders 2 months before her digestive symptoms started, which lead to the diagnosis of gastric adenocarcinoma. The lesions were diagnosed as Bazex syndrome, usually seen in squamous cell carcinoma. Under systemic chemotherapy, the cutaneous signs improved for some months before worsening when the disease progressed

Adoptive Cell Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Biological Rationale and First Results in Early Phase Clinical Trials

International audienceThe mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is quickly increasing worldwide. In unresectable HCC, the cornerstone of systemic treatments is switching from tyrosine kinase inhibitors to immune checkpoints inhibitors (ICI). Next to ICI, adoptive cell transfer represents another promising field of immunotherapy. Targeting tumor associated antigens such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), glypican-3 (GPC3), or New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma-1 (NY-ESO-1), T cell receptor (TCR) engineered T cells and chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) engineered T cells are emerging as potentially effective therapies, with objective responses reported in early phase trials. In this review, we address the biological rationale of TCR/CAR engineered T cells in advanced HCC, their mechanisms of action, and results from recent clinical trials