Anchorage: Gaming Capital of the Pacific Rim

Bakgrund Orientering är en uthållighetsidrott där tempo och intensitet varierar, beroende på terräng och löparens navigationsförmåga, och den skiljer sig från vanlig uthållighetslöpning genom att den också innefattar kuperad terräng och ett kognitivt inslag. Prestationsförmågan hos orienterare kan därför antas vara mer beroende av kostens sammansättning än för vanliga löpare. Forskningen om kroppssammansättning, energiutgifter och kostintag hos orienterare är idag bristfällig. Syfte Syftet med studien var att undersöka kroppssammansättning, energiförbrukning och kostintag hos orienterare och jämföra detta med deras behov och de rekommendationer och krav som finns för orienterare för att prestera optimalt inom sin idrott. Metod I studien deltog 18 orienterare, nio män och nio kvinnor mellan 16 och 29 år, från strax under elitnivå till elitnivå inom orientering. Kroppssammansättningen undersöktes med Bodpod och bioimpedans. Under tre dagar, varav två träningsdagar och en vilodag, undersöktes energiförbrukning med aktivitetsmätare och aktivitetsdagbok samt kostintaget med en tre-dagars vägd kostregistrering. Resultat De manliga deltagarna hade en kroppssfettprocent på 11,4 ± 4,4 % och de kvinnliga på 26,2 ±4,5 %. Energiförbrukning under träningsdagar för manliga deltagare var 3804 ±451 kcal och för kvinnliga deltagare 2963 ± 391 kcal. Självrapporterat energiintag var 3233 ±564 kcal för män och 2384 ± 428 kcal för kvinnor. Intaget av protein var 1,6 g/kg kroppsvikt och av kolhydrater 4,8 g/kg kroppsvikt. Genomsnittligt fettintag var 32 energiprocent. Majoriteten av deltagarna hade en större energiförbrukning än sitt rapporterade energiintag. Slutsats Studien visade på en negativ energibalans hos majoriteten av deltagarna, främst under träningsdagar. Många deltagare borde öka intaget av kolhydrater och vätska för att optimera sin prestation. Mängden protein och fett låg relativt bra i förhållande till rekommendationerna. Abstract Background Orienteering is an endurance sport where pace and intensity varies and differs from regular endurance running since it also includes hilly terrain and a cognitive component. The performance of orienteers can therefore be assumed to be more dependent on dietary composition than ordinary runners. There is currently insufficient research on body composition, energy expenditure and food intake of orienteers. Objective The aim of the study was to examine body composition, energy expenditure and dietary intake in orienteers and compare this with their needs and the recommendations and requirements for orienteers to perform optimally in their sport. Methods The study included 18 orienteers, 9 men and 9 women between 16 and 29 years, from just below the elite level to the elite level in orienteering. Body composition was investigated with Bodpod and bioimpedance. For three days, including two days of training and one day of rest the energy expenditure was investigated by activity monitors and an activity diary and dietary intake with a three-day weighed food record. Results The male participants had a body fat percentage of 11, 4 ± 4, 4 % and female at 26, 2 ±4, 5 %. Energy expenditure for male participants was 3804 ±451 kcal and for female participants 2963 ± 391 kcal. Energy intake was 3233 ±564 kcal for men and 2384 ± 428 kcal for women. Intake of protein was 1.6 g / kg body weight and intake of carbohydrates was 4.8 g / kg body weight. Average fat intake was 32 energy percent. The majority of participants had higher energy expenditure than their energy intake. Conclusion The study demonstrates a negative energy balance of the majority of participants. Many participants would be able to increase the intake of carbohydrates and fluids in order to optimize their performance. The amount of protein and fat was good in relation to the recommendations.

Tectonics of some Amazonian greenstone belts

Greenstone belts exposed amid gneisses, granitoid rocks, and less abundant granulites along the northern and eastern margins of the Amazonian Craton yield Trans-Amazonican metamorphic ages of 2.0-2.1 Ga. Early proterozoic belts in the northern region probably originated as ensimatic island arc complexes. The Archean Carajas belt in the southeastern craton probably formed in an extensional basin on older continental basement. That basement contains older Archean belts with pillow basalts and komatiites. Belts of ultramafic rocks warrant investigatijon as possible ophiolites. A discussion follows

The pentaquark in K-plus-d total cross section data

An analysis of $K^+$-d total cross section data is undertaken to explore possible effects of the recently observed resonance in the S=+1 hadronic system with mass around 1.55 GeV. It is found that a structure corresponding to the resonance is visible in the data. The width consistent with the observed deviation from background is found to be $0.9\pm 0.3$ MeV and the mass is $1.559\pm 0.003$ GeV/c$^2$ for spin-parity \h^+ and $1.547\pm0.002$\ GeV/c$^2$ for \h^-. The errors are one standard deviation and statistical only. \Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures Replaced to correct references, add and correct text. No change in content. More discussion of errors, increased error on width, corrected one figur

QCD--Instanton Induced Final States in Deep Inelastic Scattering

We report briefly on a broad and systematic study of possible manifestations of QCD-instantons at HERA. We concentrate on the high multiplicity final state structure, reminiscent of an isotropically decaying ``fireball''. First results of a Monte Carlo simulation are presented, with emphasis on the typical event-structure and the transverse energy, muon and $K^0$ flows.Comment: 10 pages, latex, epsfig, 9 uuencoded figure

Mesospheric scatter and its microstructure

The difference in character between mesospheric returns from about 70 and about 80 km was noted. The 69-km echo is characterized by a single return with about .1 Hz width, while the 82.5 km return extends over more than 3 Hz bandwidth; this difference is also perceptible, but to a lesser degree, on the fading curves. The conclusion seems inescapable that internal random velocities of a few m/s are present within the scattering volume for the 82.5-km echo. The most likely source for these rather large velocities is convective instability arising from deformations of the temperature profile by breaking gravity waves. The distinction between the two types of scatter at these altitudes probably accounts for the behavior with frequency of the nightime fading period at low and very low frequencies. The fading period of D-region reflections at night was constant at about 7 min from 16 to 43 kHz, but that at frequencies of 70 kHz and above, the fading period decreased in such a way as to indicate the presence of irregularities smaller than about 1 km in size. This suggests that frequencies of 48 kHz and above, the fading period decreased in such a way as to indicate the presence of irregularities smaller than about 1 km in size. This suggests that frequencies of 48 kHz and below were reflected primarily from the region below 80 km where the narrow spectral irregularities dominate

Pion double charge exchange on 4He

The doubly differential cross sections for the $^4$He$(\pi^+,\pi^-) 4p$ reaction were calculated using both a two-nucleon sequential single charge exchange model and an intranuclear cascade code. Final state interactions between the two final protons which were the initial neutrons were included in both methods. At incident pion energies of 240 and 270 MeV the low-energy peak observed experimentally in the energy spectrum of the final pions can be understood only if the contribution of pion production is included. The calculated cross sections are compared with data.Comment: 25 pages, 9 figure

SOME ISSUES CONCERNING SPECIFICATION AND INTERPRETATION OF OUTDOOR RECREATION DEMAND MODELS

Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Origin and evolution of the Amazonian craton

The Amazonian craton appears to be formed and modifed by processes much like those of the better-known Precambrian cratons, but the major events did not always follow conventional sequences nor did they occur synchronously with those of other cratons. Much of the craton's Archean style continental crust formation, recorded in granite-greenstone and high-grade terranes, occurred in the Early Proterozoic: a period of relative quiescence in many other Precambrian regions. The common Archean to Proterozoic transition in geological style did not occur here, but an analogous change from abundant marine volcanism to dominantly continental sedimentary and eruptive styles occurred later. Amazonian geology is summarized, explaining the evolution of the craton

The composition of phosphate granules in the digestive glands of marine prosobranch gastropods: variation in relation to taxonomy

The composition of some 1150 phosphate granules in the digestive glands of over 40 species of marine prosobranch gastropods has been surveyed using a simple preparation technique and semiquantitative SEM x-ray microanalysis. Spectral peaks for Mg, K, Ca, Mn, Fe and Zn were compared to that of P. Four major types of phosphate granule can be recognised, each generally characteristic of a taxonomic grouping: high Mg in archaeogastropods and littorinids, multiple metal in higher mesogastropods, and, in neogastropods, Mg-Ca in muricoideans and high Zn in buccinoideans. At least one Conus species (C. ventricosus) has high-Mg granules. Some causes of variation in granule composition are discussed: speculatively, it is suggested a palaeoenvironmental influence seems possible.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio