FARM-HOUSEHOLD ANALYSIS OF POLICIES AFFECTING PEANUT PRODUCTION IN SENEGAL

A farm-level survey of 150 households was conducted in the peanut basin of Senegal, and a profit function system estimated, for the purpose of analyzing the effects of policies affecting the peanut sector. Producer price of peanuts has relatively little effect on production, but producer price of millet influences peanut seed demand.Agricultural and Food Policy, Demand and Price Analysis,

Cash Crop and Foodgrain Productivity in Senegal: Historical View, New Survey Evidence, and Policy Implications

Crop Production/Industries, Productivity Analysis, Downloads July 2008 - June 2009: 10,

Profil epidemiologique de l’epilepsie chez des patients atteints de troubles du spectre de l’autisme: Etude de 45 cas a Dakar (Senegal)

Description: Troubles du spectre de l’autisme (TSA) et épilepsie peuvent coexister chez une même personne constituant des facteurs de mauvais pronostic bilatéraux. Objectif:  Décrire les éléments sociodémographiques de patients atteints de TSA et étudier les aspects clinico-paracliniques et évolutifs des épilepsies chez ces patients. Patients et Méthodes:  Etude transversale et descriptive au service pédopsychiatrique du CHNU Fann, avec analyse des dossiers, via un questionnaire standardisé, de tous les patients suivis entre Janvier 2004 et Septembre 2018 pour TSA avec ou sans épilepsie. Résultats:  Quarante-cinq patients avec TSA colligés, avec une fréquence de l’épilepsie de 37,8%. L’épilepsie avait débuté avant l’âge de 5 ans dans 94% des cas. Les crises étaient généralisées (58,8%), essentiellement motrices tonico-cloniques (80%), ou focales (35,3%), avec une fréquence de 2 crises/jour à 1 crise/semaine. L’EEG de veille et sommeil montrait des anomalies majoritairement frontales dans 60%, et centro-pariétales dans 26,6% des cas. L’imagerie cérébrale était normale dans 93,9% des cas, et les potentiels évoqués auditifs (PEA) normaux dans 87,2% des cas. La prise en charge était multidisciplinaire pour les TSA (neuropsychologique, psychomotrice, orthophonique) et médicale, essentiellement (82,4%) en monothérapie pour l’épilepsie. Les médicaments antiépileptiques utilisés étaient le valproate de sodium (58,8%) et le phénobarbital (17,6). Le niveau d’instruction était bas avec 40% de non-scolarisés et 55,6% au primaire. Seuls 6,7% étaient autonomes et 20 patients nécessitaient une aide quasi-constante. Conclusion: La prévalence de l’épilepsie chez les patients atteints de TSA varie suivant les études. Une prise en charge globale et multidisciplinaire de l’épilepsie et des TSA améliore les troubles de comportement.   English Title: Epidemiologic profile of epilepsy in patients with autism spectrum disorders: study of 45 cases in Dakar (Senegal) Description: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and epilepsy can coexist in the same person, which are factors of bilateral poor prognosis. Purpose: To describe the socio-demographic profile of ASD patients and to study the clinical, paraclinical and evolutive aspects of epilepsy among them. Patients and methods: We did a cross-sectional and descriptive study in the department of child psychiatry of Fann university hospital in Dakar. We analyzed patients’ files followed between January 2004 and September 2018 for autism’s spectrum disorders with or without epilepsy. We used a standardized survey with several items. Results: Forty-five patients with ASD were collected, with an epileptic frequency of 37.8%. Epilepsy had started before the age of 5 years in 94% of cases. Seizures were generalized (58.8%), mainly tonico-clonic (80%), or focal (35.3%), with a frequency of 2 seizures per day to 1 seizure per week. The awake and sleep EEG showed abnormalities mostly in frontal area in 60%, and centro-parietal in 26.6%. Brain imaging was normal in 93.9%, and auditory evoked potential (AEP) normal in 87.2%. Management was multidisciplinary for ASD (neuropsychological, psychomotor, speech therapy) and medical, mainly (82.4%) monotherapy for epilepsy. The main molecules were: sodium valproate (58.8%) and phenobarbital (17.6). The level of education was low with 40% of students out of school and 55.6% in primary school. Only 6.7% were self-reliant and 20 patients needed almost constant assistance. Conclusion: The prevalence of epilepsy in patients with ASD varies according to the studies. The global and multidisciplinary management of epilepsy and ASD improves behavioral disorders

THE FOOD CHALLENGE IN THE SENEGALESE RURAL ECONOMY AN ANALYSIS OF THE DOMESTIC CEREALS PROMOTION POLICY

Since the colonial era, the expansion of the Senegalese economy was greatly sustained by the agricultural sector in which more than three-fourths of the total population were involved. A 2.3 percent average annual growth of total production during the sixties matched the speed at which the agricultural population was growing and the rural economy was engaged in a kind of equilibrium path. During the late sixties and early seventies, the situation began to change with an agricultural production growth rate dropping to the neighborhood of 1.3 percent against 2.8 percent for total population. Such a situation which is prevailing at the present time is seriously striking if we know that the agricultural sector should produce not only enough food for a rapidly growing population, but also raw materials for the development of local industries, mostly based on peanut and cotton. Per capita food production has been very unstable with large annual fluctuations but the trend has been clearly declining. World Bank experts noted that this situation is observed in the more general setting of Sub-Saharan Africa and especially the Sahel region of which Senegal is part. They observed that this phenomenon occurred over a period when local authorities and foreign aid focused more than ever before on food production projects. In the specific setting of Senegal, food problems have been a major policy issue since the early years of the drought, but some analysts support that a trend of shortage was already clear by 1960, the year of independence. The present food crisis is the result of various causes that have been in play for a long time

L’émergence de nouvelles coopératives semencières au Sénégal – Analyse de l’impact de la recherche-développement sur l’arachide de 1999 à 2016

Agap : équipe Dynamiques de la diversité, sociétés et environnements (DDSE)National audienceThis article reviews the process of implementing a series of innovations in the peanut sector in Senegal between 1999 and 2016. The emphasis is put on the decisive factors that enabled the establishment of a network of seed cooperatives under the impetus of the producer's organization Asprodeb. The analysis is based on the theory of change, which gives importance to relations between technological innovations and their social and political context. We conclude that three factors were determinant in the observed changes: (1) a pilot research and development operation involving research, the farmer's organization and the producers of the Paoskoto village, the initial place where research results moved into achievements, (2) strengthening and diversifying partnerships between groundnut stakeholders, especially those from seed sector and (3) capacity building leading to professionalization of producers. Beyond the successes obtained, a risk of weakening of the cooperative system has been identified if the seed expertise developed by Asprodeb is only mobilized for commercial interests. This qualitative, participatory and reflexive impact analysis also made it possible to shed light on the role, often invisible, held by researchers who, working in context, facilitated the processes of innovation and the connections between actors.Cet article analyse un processus d’innovation dans la filière arachide au Sénégal entre 1999 et 2016. L’accent porte sur la mise en évidence des facteurs décisifs dans l’émergence d’un nouveau réseau de coopératives semencières au Sénégal sous l’impulsion de l’organisation de producteurs Asprodeb. L’analyse est basée sur la théorie du changement qui accorde une place importante aux relations entre les innovations techniques et leur contexte politique et social. Nous concluons que trois facteurs ont été déterminants dans les changements observés : (1) une opération pilote de recherche et développement réunissant la recherche, l’organisation de producteurs et les producteurs de la commune de Paoskoto, lieu initial de la traduction des résultats de recherche en réalisations concrètes, (2) le renforcement et la diversification du partenariat entre acteurs de la filière, en particulier du secteur semences et (3) le renforcement des capacités conduisant à une professionnalisation des producteurs et productrices adhérents des coopératives. Au-delà des succès obtenus, l’étude a permis d’identifier un risque de fragilisation du système coopératif si l’expertise semencière développée par l’Asprodeb n’est mobilisée qu’à des fins commerciales. Par ailleurs, cette analyse d’impact qualitative, participative et réflexive a permis un éclairage du rôle, souvent invisible, tenu par les chercheurs, qui, opérant en contexte, ont facilité les processus d’innovation et les connexions entre acteurs

FARM-HOUSEHOLD ANALYSIS OF POLICIES AFFECTING PEANUT PRODUCTION IN SENEGAL

A farm-level survey of 150 households was conducted in the peanut basin of Senegal, and a profit function system estimated, for the purpose of analyzing the effects of policies affecting the peanut sector. Producer price of peanuts has relatively little effect on production, but producer price of millet influences peanut seed demand

1,5-Bis(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)carbonohydrazide methanol 0.47-solvate

In the title compound, C17H18N4O5·0.47CH3OH, the virtually planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.128 Å) carbonohydrazide molecule is located on a twofold axis and conformation of its C=N bonds is E. There are short intramolecular O—H...N hydrogen bonds between the hydroxy groups and hydrazide N atoms. In the crystal, bifurcated N—H...(O,O) hydrogen bonds assemble the carbonohydrazide molecules into a three-dimensional network. There are C2 symmetric voids in this network, 47% of which are occupied by disordered methanol molecules