Estandarización micrográfica de especies de Baccharis L. (Asteraceae)

Controversies still exist regarding the differentiation of some Baccharis sect. Caulopterae species known as “carqueja”. In the present work we studied anatomically five of these species: Baccharis articulata (Ba), Baccharis crispa (Bc), Baccharis gaudichaudiana (Bg), Baccharis microcephala (Bm) and Baccharis trimera (Bt). Ba and Bc are considered official in Argentinean Pharmacopeia and Bt in the Brazilian Pharmacopeia. Bg and Bm are considering possible substitutes. The qualitative and quantitative variables for each one were determined, emphasizing the importance of anatomic characters as taxonomically useful. Analytical micrographs of the studied species were elaborated as reference standards for quality control of the raw drug.Aún existen controversias con respecto a la correcta diferenciación de las especies de Baccharis de la sección Caulopterae conocidas como “carqueja”. En este trabajo se estudió anatómicamente a cinco de estas especies: Baccharis articulata (Ba), Baccharis crispa (Bc), Baccharis gaudichaudiana (Bg), Baccharis microcephala (Bm) y Baccharis trimera (Bt). Las especies Ba y Bc son consideradas oficiales en la Farmacopea Argentina y Bt en la Farmacopea Brasileña. Bg y Bm son consideradas posibles sustituyentes de las anteriores. Se determinaron las variables cualitativas y cuantitativas para cada una, resaltando la importancia de la anatomía en la obtención de caracteres taxonómicos para poder diferenciarlas. Con los datos obtenidos se elaboraron las micrografias analíticas de las especies estudiadas, para que puedan ser utilizadas como patrones de referencia para el control de calidad de la droga cruda.Fil: Rodriguez, María Victoria. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Gattuso, Susana Julia. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; ArgentinaFil: Gattuso, Martha Ana. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Argentin

Estudio anatómico de Baccharis grisebachii Hieron. (Asteraceae). Usada en la medicina tradicional de la Provincia de San Juan, Argentina

Baccharis grisebachii Hieron., commonly known as “quilchamali”, is a bushy plant that lives in the high mountains of Argentina and southern Bolivia. The infusion or decoction of aerial parts is used in the traditional medicine of San Juan province, Argentina, to treat gastric ulcers, digestive problems, and as antiseptic and wound healing in humans and horses. The aim of this study is to analyze the anatomical characters of B. grisebachii for specific identification and quality control. The results show that the leaf blade is ericoid with a dorsiventral mesophyll, and epidermis has a smooth and thick cuticle. The stomata are anomocytic. In both epidermis there are two types of hairs, not glandular and glandular. Adult stems show secondary structures. The root shows 1 - 2 rows of pericyclic cells and an endodermis. B. grisebachii shows xeromorphic anatomic characters. The structural characters provide micrographic reference standards, useful for quality control at the crude drug stage.Baccharis grisebachii Hieron. conocida comúnmente como “quilchamali” es una planta arbustiva que vive en las altas montañas de la Argentina y el sur de Bolivia. La infusión o decoción de las partes aéreas es utilizada en la medicina tradicional de la provincia de San Juan, Argentina, para tratar las úlceras gástricas, problemas digestivos y como cicatrizante de heridas y antiséptica en humanos y equinos. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las características anatómicas de B. grisebachii útiles en la identificación y control de calidad de la especie. Los resultados muestran que la hoja es ericoide con mesofilo dorsiventral y tiene una epidermis con una cutícula gruesa y lisa. Los estomas son anomocíticos. En ambas epidermis se encuentran dos tipos de pelos, no glandulares y glandulares. En tallos adultos se hace evidente una estructura secundaria y en la raíz se observan 1-2 hileras de células pericíclicas y la endodermis. B. grisebachii muestra caracteres anatómicos xeromórficos. Los caracteres estructurales enunciados proporcionan patrones de referencia micrográficos, útiles para el control de calidad de la droga cruda.Fil: Hadad, Martín Ariel. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Biotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Gattuso, Susana Julia. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Gattuso, Martha Ana. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Feresin, Gabriela Egly. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Biotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Tapia, Aníbal Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Biotecnología; Argentin

Volatile constituents of five Baccharis Species from Northeastern Argentina

Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of Baccharis gaudichaudiana, B. microcephala, B. penningtonii, B. phyteumoides and B. spicata collected from different locations in Argentina were analyzed. Qualitative and quantitative analysis were performed using a GC/FID/MS system with a special configuration. Essential oil yields ranged from 0.1 to 0.2% (m/v of dry material). Different chemical patterns were observed in the essential oils composition of the species studied: spathulenol and β-pinene were the main constituents in B.gaudichaudiana, whereas caryophyllene oxide and spathulenol were the major constituents in B. microcephala and B. spicata. In this latter species, β-pinene has also been found in high amounts. Germacrene D was the major compound in B. penningtonii. Finally, β-selinene and phytol acetate E were the main components in B. phyteumoides

Morphoanatomical characters for the recognition of two species of asclepias in the province of Santa Fe, Argentina

We disclose a morpho-anatomical study of Asclepias curassavica L. and Asclepias mellodora St.-Hil., collected in the Province of Santa Fe, Argentina. Whole plants of both species are commercialized for external and internal use due to its attributed therapeutic properties. For each entity we provide synonyms, folk names, morphological description, common and uncommon anatomical characteristics of roots, stems and leaves. These features were analyzed by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Photomicrographs are included in order to provide adequate differentiation between entitiesColegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Actividad antioxidante, análisis fitoquímico y micrografía analítica de hojas de Castela tweedii (Simaroubaceae)

Castela tweedii es un árbol de bajo porte perteneciente a la Familia Simaroubaceae, las  infusiones de sus hojas son utilizadas en la medicina popular  Argentina para el tratamiento de desordenes gastrointestinales y diarreas. Con el objetivo de fundamentar el uso popular de esta especie  se evaluó la actividad  antioxidante de los extractos etanólicos y diclorometánicos de forma cuantitativa y cualitativa frente al radical 2,2-difenilpicrilhidrazilo (DPPH); el extracto  etanólico demostró actividad obteniéndose una CI50= 0,1288 mg/mL. El análisis fitoquímico mostró que los compuestos  responsables de esta actividad  fueron taninos, flavonoides y ácidos fenilcarboxílicos, entre ellos se identificó rutina y ácido clorogénico.  Además se realizó el estudio morfoanatómico e   histoquímico de las hojas que aportó datos de valor diagnostico para el control de calidad de la droga vegetal: presencia de una hipodermis mucilaginosa,  estructura dorsiventral con una a dos hileras de parénquima en empalizada conteniendo taninos, estomas anomocíticos solo en la epidermis abaxial y tricomas  simples unicelulares en ambas epidermis

Parámetros micrográficos para la identificación de leño, corteza y hoja de Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae)

Quassia amara L. popularmente conocida como “quasia” es un planta arbustiva de América Tropical. El leño, corteza y hojas son usadas tanto en medicina popular como en la obtención de drogas fitoterapéuticas. El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar características morfoanatómicas y micrográficas las cuales provean asistencia en la identificación, análisis y estandarización de la madera, corteza y hojas de Quassia amara L. Resultados. El estudio anatómico mostró leño, blanco amarillento, de porosidad difusa. Parénquima paratraqueal confluente. Radios de 1 célula de ancho y 8-30 hileras de alto. Faltan cristales CaOx. Corteza, 1-4 mm de espesor, una peridermis de hasta 12 estratos de células de súber. Hoja, hipoestomática, con mesófilo dorsiventral, con elevado número de idioblastos esclerosados

Optimization and validation of the quantitative assay of flavonoids in Achyrocline satureioides and A. flaccida

Several populations of Achyrocline satureioides and Achyrocline flaccida from Argentina, two aromatic herbal species widely used in traditional medicine in South America and both known as marcela, were analyzed. The aims of this work were to evaluate the amounts of flavonoids that characterize these species in this country and provide a quantitative assay to be included in the monograph of marcela for future Argentine Pharmacopoeia editions. The extraction method and analysis by HPLC of the main flavonoids, quercetin and 3-O-methylquercetin, were optimized. The validation parameters of the method were determined. The analysis of the different parts of these plants was carried out thereafter. Inflorescences were the parts displaying the highest content of such flavonoids. It was found that A. flaccida had a slightly higher content of flavonoids than A. satureioides (1.2 ± 0.4 % of quercetin, 0.8 ± 0.3 % of 3-Omethylquercetin; 0.8 ± 0.2 % of quercetin and 0.7 ± 0.5 % of 3-O-methylquercetin, respectively).Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Quality Control of Herbal Medicines with Spectrophotometry and Chemometric Techniques - Application to Baccharis L. Species Belonging to Sect - Caulopterae DC. (Asteraceae)

Medicinal plants constitute a rich cultural and biological heritage in many countries, which could be very useful in meeting the therapeutic needs of the population (Rodriguez, 2010a). Traditional herbal medicines have been widely used for many years in many eastern countries (Liang et al., 2004). However, little work has been done to validate and standardize these products properly in order to match phytotherapy to chemotherapy which currently receives almost unconditional support from formal systems of health care. For several years now activities have been undertaken to systematize the identification, validation, production and use of medicinal plants, for both primary health care as well as a semi-industrial or industrial process, which implies their transformation into safe, reliable and stable phytopharmaceutical products. Therefore it is suggested that medicinal plants and their derived products would be a viable option for national development as an agricultural and therapeutic alternative, but standardization and industrialization, involving sustained yields, a quality control system and honest and reliable marketing would be needed for widespread implementation and official support. Consequently, on account of the above, education and research should be in agreement if any advance is to be made in this area (Rodriguez, 2010a). However, the necessary criteria for data quality, safety and efficacy of traditional medicine that would support its use in the world do not exist. Appropriate, accepted research methodology for evaluating traditional medicine is also lacking (Liang et al., 2004).Fil: Rodriguez, María Victoria. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Departamento de Química Orgánica. Área Farmacognosia; ArgentinaFil: Martínez, María Laura. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; ArgentinaFil: Cortadi, Adriana Amalia. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; ArgentinaFil: Campagna, Maria Noel. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; ArgentinaFil: Di Sapio, Osvaldo Antonio. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; ArgentinaFil: Derita, Marcos Gabriel. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Departamento de Química Orgánica. Área Farmacognosia; ArgentinaFil: Zacchino, Susana Alicia Stella. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Departamento de Química Orgánica. Área Farmacognosia; ArgentinaFil: Gattuso, Martha Ana. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Argentin

Botanical (morphological, micrographic), chemical and pharmacological characteristics of Pfaffia species (Amaranthaceae) native to South Brazil

Alguns parâmetros são apresentados para o controle de qualidade de raízes de Pfaffia glomerata e Pfaffia paniculata, utilizando suas características botânicas e químicas. Realizou-se, também, um screening farmacológico de P. glomerata direcionado às atividades relacionadas com seu uso como "tônico". O extrato etanólico das raízes de P. glomerata não apresentou atividade antiviral, antiproliferativa, antifúngica ou atividade inibitória de monoaminoxidases. A avaliação da citotoxicidade determinou que a CI50 é >; 2.000 µg/mL. As principais características morfológicas e micrográficas das raízes de P. glomerata e P. paniculata descritas permitem auxiliar na sua identificação segura.Some parameters for the quality control of P. glomerata and P. paniculata roots using their botanical and chemical characteristics are presented. It was also carried out an in vitro pharmacological screening to evaluate some biological properties of P. glomerata that could be related to its popular use as "tonic". Relating to biological assays, ethanolic extract from P. glomerata roots did not present antiviral, antiproliferative, antifungal or MAO inhibitory activities. The cytotoxicity evaluation of P. glomerata determined that IC50 is >;2,000 µg/mL. The main morphological and micrographic characteristics of P. glomerata and P. paniculata roots are described in this paper in order to aid in their unequivocal identification

Biological activities of Castela coccinea Griseb. extracts

Infusions of leaf and bark of Castela coccinea Griseb. (Simaroubaceae) were traditionally used against dysentery. In this work, anti-bacterial and antioxidant activity were studied in C. coccinea extracts. The higest DPPH scavenging activity was detected in ethanolic leaf extracts with an IC50= 0.015 mg/ml. Bark ethanolic extracts showed inhibition of lipoperoxidation and free radical scavenging. However, a previous work evidenced that this extract is toxic at a concentration needed to show antioxidant activity. It might be consider that wood could be used instead of bark extract as the first one showing higher scavenging activity (Wood 55 %, Bark 33 % of DPPH scavenging) and good inhibition of lipoperoxidation. It is a very interesting fact the high tannin and mucilage content, which are localized particularly in leaves. The high antioxidant activity and abundant mucilage and tannin contents could justify, at least in part, its popular use.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire