Ensayo sobre las mujeres y la autonomía de la voluntad : el sida y la ley 25.543 desde una mirada bioética

The starting point of this essay is the idea that, since its discovery thirty years\nago, the main symptom of AIDS has seemed to be discrimination, which appeared to be only against homosexual men, until the syndrom was first detected in a woman.\nFrom that moment, and in a short period of time, the number of infected women increased\nat a faster pace than the number of infected men. In this sense, this paper intends\nto evidence the way in which the subjection of women and discrimination against\nthem concerning various aspects of their lives explain this worldwide phenomenon.\nThe concept of free will is discussed, within the frame of modern philosophy, from\nits conception as a negative right and its evolution to the idea of a possitive right,\nemerged in the XXth Century out of Keynes?s welfare state. We depart from the idea\nthat women are vulnerable persons, whose right to freedom (free will) is not full. This\nis related to a paradigm change by means of which a negative right turns into a positive\nright; thus, this paper aims to explain the reason why women?s free will must certainly\nbe subjected to a special legal protection. However, this freedom must be enjoyed\nwithin the limits of the equal rights of others. In this sense, the Act 25.543 is criticized\nbecause it somehow protects a conduct that infringes on a third party?s right (principio\nde enantiotelidad).Fil: Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Derecho; ArgentinaEste artículo de investigación toma como punto de partida la idea de que el\nprincipal síntoma de la enfermedad del sida, a partir de su descubrimiento hace treinta\naños, pareciera ser la discriminación que al principio fue sufrida por los hombres homosexuales\nhasta que se descubrió el virus del HIV en una mujer. Empero, a partir de\nese momento, y en un período de tiempo relativamente corto, el número de mujeres\ninfectadas se incrementó a mucha mayor velocidad que el de los hombres. En este\nsentido, este artículo se propone demostrar cómo la situación de sometimiento de las\nmujeres y la discriminación que éstas sufren en varios aspectos de su vida explican este\nfenómeno mundial.\nAsimismo, se desarrolla el concepto de autonomía de la voluntad en el marco de la filosofía\nmoderna, partiendo de su concepción como derecho negativo y desarrollando su\nevolución posterior hacia la idea de un derecho positivo, marcada por el advenimiento\nde las ideas del Estado de bienestar keynesiano, en el Siglo XX. El punto de partida es la\nidea de que las mujeres son personas vulnerables, cuyo derecho de libertad (autonomía\nde la voluntad) se ve afectado. Esto se vincula con el cambio de paradigma, mediante el\ncual opera una transformación de derecho negativo a derecho positivo. Este paper nos\nbrinda, entonces, una explicación acerca de cuáles son los motivos por los que la autonomía\nde la voluntad de las mujeres debe ser objeto de una protección jurídica especial.\nSin embargo, esta protección no debe llegar al punto de transgredir los límites de la libertad\nque son, además, los que permiten asegurar su goce a todas las personas. En este\norden de ideas, se realiza una crítica a la Ley 25.543 y se señala que viola el principio\nde enantiotelidad, porque ampara una conducta lesiva hacia un tercero

(Des)igualdad y anarquismo. Derecha e izquierda en el ideario anarquista

Within anarchism, we may find so many different strains that providing\na univocal definition of this philosophy ?that we might well consider a lifestyle? is\ndefinitely unfeasible. However, we may point out a feature that is shared by all of\nthem: the promotion of a stateless society. Further, in a ?pure? anarchism, French\nRevolution?s three foundating ideals are always present, but with a different dynamics:\ninstead of considering them in isolation, the trinomial must be viewed as a whole:\nthis will give place to the liberty, equality and fraternity virtuous triangle. Yet, not all anarchists defend this triangle in its entirety: some authors, for instance, set aside\nequality. According to Norberto Bobbio?s classification between political left and right,\nanarchists enroling any of such wings may be differentiated taking into account their\nposition as to whether society must be egalitarian or not. In that way, those that defend\nequality and therefore, the virtuous triangle, are left-wing anarchists; in turn, rightwing\nanarchists promote a stateless society, regardless of its being egalitarian or notFil: Garaventa, Carlos A. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Derecho; ArgentinaDentro del ideario anarquista podemos encontrar muchísimas vertientes\nideológicas diferentes que nos hacen imposible dar una definición unívoca de esta\ncorriente de pensamiento o, mejor dicho, de vida. Podemos señalar, sin embargo, una\ncaracterística común a todo ideal ácrata: la oposición al Estado. Es posible señalar también,\nen un anarquismo puro, el respeto de los tres pilares fundadores de la Revolución\nFrancesa, pero con una dinámica diferente: en lugar de considerarlos aisladamente,\npara el anarquismo puro, el trinomio debe funcionar como un todo único. Esto da\nlugar al triángulo virtuoso de libertad, igualdad y fraternidad; sin embargo, no todos\nlos anarquistas defienden íntegramente este triángulo. Hay autores que, por ejemplo,\nno prestan atención a la igualdad. Siguiendo el esquema de distinción política que da\nNorberto Bobbio en Derecha e izquierda podemos realizar una diferenciación entre\nlos anarquistas de ambos lados del abanico político. Esta diferencia la marca, según\nBobbio, la aspiración, o no, a una sociedad igualitaria. En consecuencia, serán de izquierda\naquellos anarquistas que defiendan la igualdad y, por ende, el triángulo virtuoso.\nSerán anarquistas de derecha, en cambio, aquellos que deseen la abolición del\nEstado pero haciendo caso omiso de si la sociedad se vuelve o no igualitari

Verstehen. De la ciencia a la cibernética

This writing is aimed at approaching social sciences? methodology\nin an analytical manner. It presents a demarcation criterion to determine what can be deemed as science and what cannot, as well as the idea that the so-called\nsocial sciences are not sciences as such and that it is a mistake to expect them to\nbe so. An answer to the queries of what Law is and of whether there is or not a\nlegal science can also be found.\nFurther, this work intends to prove that in social cybernetics it is impossible to\nexplain or predict human conduct, which can just be understood. In addition, it is\na mistake to expect objectivity in the study thereof, not because of the fact of the\nobject of study being human beings but because the human beings carrying out\nthe study are immersed in the object of study. It is also impossible to establish\ngeneral or universal rules to govern social behavior.\nThis work provides an invitation to think about, to question and to doubt all\nwhich we have been imposed with as rigid during our entire lives; to accept that\nit is possible for somebody making a statement to make mistakes, as well as we\nourselves may make mistakes; to learn from such mistakes and, mainly, from our\nown mistakes. This writing does not unveil universal truths, it just ends where it\nbegins, accepting the possibility of being wrongFil: Garaventa, Carlos A. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Derecho; ArgentinaEste trabajo pretende abordar críticamente la metodología de las\nciencias sociales. En él se puede vislumbrar un criterio de demarcación para determinar\nlo que es ciencia y lo que no lo es, así como la idea de que las llamadas\n?ciencias sociales? nos son ciencias propiamente dichas, y de que se incurre en\nun error cuando se pretende que lo sean. Puede encontrarse también una respuesta\na la pregunta ¿qué es el Derecho?, y si existe, o no, la ?ciencia jurídica?.\nSe propone demostrar aquí que en cibernética social es imposible explicar o\npredecir las conductas humanas, las cuales son meramente comprensibles, y que\nes un error pretender objetividad en el estudio de éstas, no porque su objeto de\nestudio sean sujetos, sino porque son sujetos insertos en su estudio los que lo llevan\na cabo. También es imposible formular normas generales o leyes universales\nque rijan el comportamiento social.\nÉsta es una invitación a pensar, a cuestionar y dudar de todo aquello que nos han\nimpuesto como pétreo toda nuestra vida. A admitir la posibilidad de que quien\nrealiza una afirmación puede equivocarse, como que nosotros mismos podemos\nequivocarnos; a aprender de las equivocaciones y, por sobre todo, de nuestros\npropios errores. Éste no es un texto de devele verdades universales, es un escrito\nque termina donde parte, aceptando la posibilidad de estar equivocad

Topotecan-vincristine-doxorubicin in stage 4 high risk neuroblastoma patients failing to achieve a complete metastatic response to rapid COJEC : a SIOPEN study

Purpose : Metastatic response to induction therapy for high-risk neuroblastoma is a prognostic factor. In the International Society of Paediatric Oncology Europe Neuroblastoma (SIOPEN) HR-NBL-1 protocol, only patients with metastatic complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) with <= three abnormal skeletal areas on iodine 123-metaiodobenzylguanidine ([I-123] mIBG) scintigraphy and no bone marrow disease proceed to high dose therapy (HDT). In this study, topotecan-vincristine-doxorubicin (TVD) was evaluated in patients failing to achieve these criteria, with the aim of improving the metastatic response rate. Materials and Methods : Patients with metastatic high-risk neuroblastoma who had not achieved the SIOPEN criteria for HDT after induction received two courses of topotecan 1.5 mg/m(2)/day for 5 days, followed by a 48-hour infusion of vincristine, 2 mg/m(2), and doxorubicin, 45 mg/m(2). Results : Sixty-three patients were eligible and evaluable. Following two courses of TVD, four (6.4%) patients had an overall CR, while 28 (44.4%) had a PR with a combined response rate of 50.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 37.9 to 63.6). Of these, 23 patients achieved a metastatic CR or a PR with <= 3 mIBG skeletal areas and no bone marrow disease (36.5%; 95% CI, 24.7 to 49.6) and were eligible to receive HDT. Toxicity was mostly haematological, affecting 106 of the 126 courses (84.1%; 95% CI, 76.5 to 90.0), and dose reduction was necessary in six patients. Stomatitis was the second most common nonhematological toxicity, occurring in 20 patients (31.7%). Conclusion : TVD was effective in improving the response rate of high-risk neuroblastoma patients after induction with COJEC enabling them to proceed to HDT. However, the long-term benefits of TVD needs to be determined in randomized clinical trials

On the origins of the contractual failure of consideration doctrine : notes on Krell v. Henry

The failure of consideration doctrine has not been peacefully accepted in the\nstudy of Contracts. The decision on Krell v. Henry case is, within the causalist doctrine,\nthe first case where consideration was deemed an element of the contract. However,\nif we read thoroughly the judgment of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales (Civil\nDivision) we will find that principles laid down therein may be more properly identified\nwith neocausalist than with causalist doctrine. This work intends to analyze Krell\nv. Henry case and to make a critical review of the failure of consideration doctrine and\nits possible application in our legal system, taking into account the three theoretical\napproaches on this question: anticausalist, causalist and neocausalistFil: Garaventa, Carlos A. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Derecho; ArgentinaFil: Manin, María Soledad. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Derecho; ArgentinaEn materia de contratos no es pacifica la aceptación del instituto de la frustración\ndel fin del contrato. El fallo Krell v. Henry es para la doctrina causalista el\nprimer caso en el que se aceptó la existencia de la causa-fin como elemento de este.\nEmpero, si leemos detenidamente el fallo de la Court of Appeal of England and Wales\n(Civil Division) encontraremos que la doctrina de este se identifica más con la de los\nneocausalistas que con la de los causalistas. Este trabajo se propone pasar revista del\nfallo Krell v. Henry y realizar un análisis crítico del instituto de la frustración del fin del\ncontrato y su posible aplicación en nuestro Derecho, teniendo en cuenta los aportes de\nlas tres escuelas teóricas que lo estudian: anticausalistas, causalistas y neocausalista

131I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (131I-MIBG) therapy for residual neuroblastoma: a mono-institutional experience with 43 patients

Incomplete response to therapy may compromise the outcome of children with advanced neuroblastoma. In an attempt to improve tumour response we incorporated 131I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (131I-MIBG) in the treatment regimens of selected stage 3 and stage 4 patients. Between 1986 and 1997, 43 neuroblastoma patients older than 1 year at diagnosis, 13 with stage 3 (group A) and 30 with stage 4 disease (group B) who had completed the first-line protocol without achieving complete response entered in this study. 131I-MIBG dose/course ranged from 2.5 to 5.5 Gbq (median, 3.7). The number of courses ranged from 1 to 5 (median 3) depending on the tumour response and toxicity. The most common acute side-effect was thrombocytopenia. Later side-effects included severe interstitial pneumonia in one patient, acute myeloid leukaemia in two, reduced thyroid reserve in 21. Complete response was documented in one stage 4 patient, partial response in 12 (two stage 3, 10 stage 4), mixed or no response in 25 (ten stage 3, 15 stage 4) and disease progression in five (one stage 3, four stage 4) Twenty-four patients (12/13 stage 3, 12/30 stage 4) are alive at 22–153 months (median, 59) from diagnosis. 131I-MIBG therapy may increase the cure rate of stage 3 and improve the response of stage 4 neuroblastoma patients with residual disease after first-line therapy. A larger number of patients should be treated to confirm these results but logistic problems hamper prospective and coordinated studies. Long-term toxicity can be severe. © 1999 Cancer Research Campaig

Exosomal microRNAs from Longitudinal Liquid Biopsies for the Prediction of Response to Induction Chemotherapy in High-Risk Neuroblastoma Patients: A Proof of Concept SIOPEN Study

Despite intensive treatment, 50% of children with high-risk neuroblastoma (HR-NB) succumb to their disease. Progression through current trials evaluating the efficacy of new treatments for children with HR disease usually depends on an inadequate response to induction chemotherapy, assessed using imaging modalities. In this study, we sought to identify circulating biomarkers that might be detected in a simple blood sample to predict patient response to induction chemotherapy. Since exosomes released by tumor cells can drive tumor growth and chemoresistance, we tested the hypothesis that exosomal microRNA (exo-miRNAs) in blood might predict response to induction chemotherapy. The exo-miRNAs expression profile in plasma samples collected from children treated in HR-NBL-1/SIOPEN before and after induction chemotherapy was compared to identify a three exo-miRs signature that could discriminate between poor and good responders. Exo-miRNAs expression also provided a chemoresistance index predicting the good or poor prognosis of HR-NB patients