On the issue of determination of the threshold ratios of narcotic drugs as features of traffic offenses and misdemeanors

The issue presented in this article is the problem of specificity of the features which constitute the prohibited acts whose definitions contain the term condition under the influence and the term condition after consumption. One must take note of the fact that the lack of definition of clear quantitative limits of narcotic drugs in the content of the penalizing regulation does not make it unconstitutional. Although prima facie this situation may raise doubts related to the procedural safeguards, there is a number of important reasons for not providing specific ratios. However, it must be emphasized that both the doctrine and the jurisprudence point at the lack of possibility, or significant difficulty, to create an exhaustive list of narcotic drugs and their precise threshold ratios on which the criminality of individual behavior would depend.This article aims at providing general information on the subject to the broader public, and explaining reasons behind the status quo, rather than at solving the arising legal problems. The commitment embodies the intention to launch an irregular series of papers under a general (sub) title

Concurrent real-time optimization of detecting unexpected tasks in IoT design process using GA

In this paper we present a genetic algorithm for concurrent real-time optimization for detecting unexpected tasks in IoT design process. The process can be split into two phases which impact each other in real-time. Modification of one phase modifies the second one. The algorithm detects unexpected tasks as a connection of parts of predicted tasks. Therefore, there can exist more than one way to resolve the unexpected situation. The algorithm searches for optimal solution making concurrent optimization of two phases of the design process. Use of genetic algorithm helps also to eliminate connections of subtasks which do not give a good result

Groźba bezprawna jako znamię przestępstwa z art. 245 k.k. : rozważania na tle orzecznictwa Sądu Najwyższego i sądów apelacyjnych

This article aims to interpret the term “unlawful threat” under Article 245 of the Criminal Code. It can be observed that judicial decisions of the Supreme Court and legal doctrine do not provide a uniform interpretation of the term. The work discusses whether the result in the shape of a justified concern that the threat will be carried out is necessary. Such a criminal result is described in Article 190 of the Criminal Code which penalizes punishable threats. It corresponds with Article 115 § 12 of the Criminal Code which defines an unlawful threat. In the opinion of the authors, causing a justified fear that the threat will be carried out is one of the statutory features in all three cases, i.e. unlawful threats to commit a criminal offence, to institute criminal proceedings and to disseminate defamatory information.Celem niniejszego artykułu jest dokonanie wykładni znamienia groźby bezprawnej występującego na gruncie art. 245 k.k. We wskazanym zakresie brak jest jednolitości w orzecznictwie Sądu Najwyższego, sądów apelacyjnych oraz w doktrynie. Zasadniczy problem wiąże się z kwestią zawierania się w pojęciu groźby bezprawnej skutku w postaci wzbudzenia uzasadnionej obawy spełnienia groźby. Skutek ten został określony w art. 190 k.k. opisującym przestępstwo tzw. groźby karalnej, do którego odsyła definicja ustawowa groźby bezprawnej określona w art. 115 § 12 k.k. W ocenie autorów skutek polegający na powstaniu uzasadnionej obawy spełnienia groźby należy do elementów groźby bezprawnej we wszystkich trzech przypadkach, tj. w przypadku groźby popełnienia przestępstwa, spowodowania postępowania karnego lub rozgłoszenia infamującej wiadomości

Issues related to image protection in the world of digital media

Kwestie związane z ochroną wizerunku we współczesnym świecie mediów cyfrowych są niezwykle istotne. Obecnie każdy telefon komórkowy zaopatrzony jest w aparat cyfrowy, który może robić zdjęcia i nagrywać sekwencje wideo, jak również - za przysłowiowym naciśnięciem jednego klawisza - publikować te nagrania na portalach społecznościowych czy też na poszczególnych witrynach WWW. Z wielu powodów osoba widoczna na zdjęciu/filmie może sobie nie życzyć, aby jej wizerunek był rozpowszechniany (np. podczas upadku, interwencji służb mundurowych itp.). Każdy ma prawo decydować, w jakich sytuacjach będzie publikowany jego wizerunek w sieci. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu przybliżenie regulacji prawnych dotyczących ochrony wizerunku, jak również wskazanie podstaw jego ochrony w świetle obowiązujących przepisów, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem najnowszego orzecznictwa sądów powszechnych w tym zakresie. Świadomość prawna społeczeństwa jest coraz większa i coraz szersza grupa osób pragnie aktywnie dochodzić swoich praw. Z tego względu w najbliższej przyszłości można się spodziewać wzrostu liczby spraw sądowych z tego zakresu. Ciągły rozwój mediów cyfrowych również ma tutaj istotne znaczenie. Z uwagi na powyższe, wskazane w artykule problemy jeszcze przez długi czas będą wywoływać zainteresowanie zarówno doktryny, jak i orzecznictwa.The protection of image in the world of modern digital media is of utmost importance. Nowadays every mobile phone has an inbuilt digital camera which can take pictures and record a video and also - just with so-called one click - share them on social media or other websites. Because of various reasons the person in the picture might not want their image to be spread (for example during an accident, armed forces intervention etc.). Everyone has a right to decide in which situations their image will be published online. The paper aims to present the regulations about image protection as well as the basis to its protection according to current provisions of law, with special regard to the newest jurisdiction of the courts of common law in this realm. Social awareness of law is increasing and a bigger group of people want to actively pursue their rights. Because of this in the nearest future we can expect an increase in the number of legal actions in this scope. Constant development of the digital media is also of vital importance in this field. All the problems mentioned in the article are the reason why the interest of legal doctrine and jurisdiction will remain high for a long period of time

Glosa do postanowienia Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 28 kwietnia 2016 r. (I KZP 24/15)

The author agrees with the thesis of the verdict according to which, “the legal protection that is due to a public official granted to a physician in Art. 44 of the Act of 5 December 1996 on the Professions of a Physician and a Dentist Physician and in Art. 5 of the Act of 8 September 2006 on National Medical Emergency Service does not cover situations other than providing short-term assistance (i.e. providing first aid and performing emergency medical procedures) or medical assistance where any delay would result in exposing to danger of loss of life, grievous bodily harm or health disorder, and in other urgent cases”.Autor zgadza się z tezą orzeczenia, zgodnie z którą „ochrona prawna należna funkcjonariuszowi publicznemu, przyznana lekarzowi w art. 44 ustawy z 5 grudnia 1996 r. o zawodach lekarza i lekarza dentysty oraz w art. 5 ustawy z dnia 8 września 2006 r. o Państwowym Ratownictwie Medycznym, nie obejmuje sytuacji innych niż udzielanie pomocy doraźnej (a więc udzielanie pierwszej pomocy i podejmowanie medycznych czynności ratunkowych) lub pomocy lekarskiej wtedy, gdy zwłoka w jej udzieleniu mogłaby spowodować niebezpieczeństwo utraty życia, ciężkiego uszkodzenia ciała lub ciężkiego rozstroju zdrowia oraz w innych wypadkach niecierpiących zwłoki”

On medical law and medicine-based notions in the law system

Medical law is subject to various approaches and definitions in the jurisprudence. It can be derived from the complexity of the matter, as well as its considerable novelty. Methods applied to define medical law stem from various jurispruden- tial convictions. This article turns attention to such basic problems of defining medical law as ratione materiae of the regulation, social structure underpinning regulation, and theoretical approaches (conceptual approach to law system, derivative concept of interpretation) to building a law system

Selected aspects of medical care for patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Poland

INTRODUCTION: Noncompliance with healthcare undoubtedly has a strong influence on the high prevalence of uncontrolled obstructive diseases. The aim of our study was to evaluate the quality of medical conduct in patients with asthma or chronic obstructive lung diseases (COPD), with encompassed two-levelled system of health care. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A survey of general practitioners (GP), allergists and pulmonologists practicing in Poland was performed between September and December 2016. The basic survey included the data concerning the number of treated patients, the course of the visits, treatment regimens and whether the patients follow the instructions of the physician. The specialist survey recorded the details of the specialist visits, their frequency and character, an evaluation of the pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies and an evaluation of the GP’s actions. RESULTS: The basic questionnaire was completed by 807 doctors with an average of 21 ± 9.85 years of medical experience. Most of the interviewed individuals were GPs (56%), followed by pulmonologists (28%) and allergists (16%). The GP reported 47 cases/month with obstructive pulmonary conditions, including 48.94% asthma and 51.06% COPD patients. They diagnosed three new asthma and COPD patients per month. The allergists treated patients with asthma (105 patients/ month), with 19 newly-diagnosed patients/month. The pulmonologists treated fewer asthma cases than COPD: 71 and 98 patients respectively. They reported 14 patients/month of newly-diagnosed COPD cases. The patients took inhaled glucocorticoids and long-acting b adrenoceptor agonists in separate inhalers. The most frequently-used device was a disc. In opinion of the specialists, half of the therapies initiated recently by GPs for patients with asthma and COPD required modifications. CONCLUSIONS: There is a disparity between the true state of medical care of asthma and COPD patients and globally-accepted standards.