アンポ ケンポウ アジア ヨトウナイ タイリツ ト ヨヤトウカン タイリツ

The　Conflict　about　the　Japan　U．　S．　Security　Treaty（JUSST）is fought　between　the　Liberal　Democratic　Party（LDP）and　the　Japan Socialist　Party（JSP），　though　disagreement　about　the　Constitution emerged　within　the　LDP，　Some　LDP　members　support　Taiwan， while　others　support　the　People’s　Republic　of　China．　Postwar settlement　was　not　discussed　until　the　1980s．　These　inconsistent partisan　divisions　d6n’t　fit　with　the　conventional　right－left　ideology． These　issues　differ　not　only　in　terms　of　partisan　division　but　also the　policy　dimension；the　JUSST　and　the　China　problem　are concerned　with　the　Cold　War　dimension，　while　the　Constitution　and postwar　settlement　are　related　to　the　stateness　dimension．　Since　the Cold　War　dimension　is　more　salient　than　the　stateness　dimension， the　partisan　division　on　that　issue，　the　LDP　vs．　the　JSP，　was　fixed in　1955．　As　a　result，　issues　of　the　Constitution　and　postwar settlement　have　never　been　solved

Acanthamoeba containing endosymbiotic chlamydia isolated from hospital environments and its potential role in inflammatory exacerbation

Background: Environmental chlamydiae belonging to the Parachlamydiaceae are obligate intracellular bacteria that infect Acanthamoeba, a free-living amoeba, and are a risk for hospital-acquired pneumonia. However, whether amoebae harboring environmental chlamydiae actually survive in hospital environments is unknown. We therefore isolated living amoebae with symbiotic chlamydiae from hospital environments. Results: One hundred smear samples were collected from Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan; 50 in winter (February to March, 2012) and 50 in summer (August, 2012), and used for the study. Acanthamoebae were isolated from the smear samples, and endosymbiotic chlamydial traits were assessed by infectivity, cytokine induction, and draft genomic analysis. From these, 23 amoebae were enriched on agar plates spread with heatkilled Escherichia coli. Amoeba prevalence was greater in the summer-collected samples (15/30, 50%) than those of the winter season (8/30, 26.7%), possibly indicating a seasonal variation (p = 0.096). Morphological assessment of cysts revealed 21 amoebae (21/23, 91%) to be Acanthamoeba, and cultures in PYG medium were established for 11 of these amoebae. Three amoebae contained environmental chlamydiae; however, only one amoeba (Acanthamoeba T4) with an environmental chlamydia (Protochlamydia W-9) was shown the infectious ability to Acanthamoeba C3 (reference amoebae). While Protochlamydia W-9 could infect C3 amoeba, it failed to replicate in immortal human epithelial, although exposure of HEp-2 cells to living bacteria induced the proinflammatory cytokine, IL-8. Comparative genome analysis with KEGG revealed similar genomic features compared with other Protochlamydia genomes (UWE25 and R18), except for a lack of genes encoding the type IV secretion system. Interestingly, resistance genes associated with several antibiotics and toxic compounds were dentified. Conclusion: These findings are the first demonstration of the distribution in a hospital of a living Acanthamoeba carrying an endosymbiotic chlamydial pathogen

Comparative histopathological studies in the early stages of acute pathogenic and nonpathogenic SHIV-infected lymphoid organs

AbstractTo clarify the early pathological events in simian and human immunodeficiency chimeric virus (SHIV)-infected lymphoid organs, we examined rhesus macaques infected with an acute pathogenic SHIV (SHIV89.6P) or a nonpathogenic SHIV (NM-3rN) by sequential biopsies and serial necropsies. In the SHIV89.6P-infected monkeys, acute thymic involution as shown by increased cortical tingible-body macrophages and by neutrophilic infiltrates without follicular aggregation in the medulla began within 14 days postinoculation (dpi). Cells that were strongly positive for the virus were identified in the thymic medulla. SHIV89.6P-infected lymph nodes showed severe paracortical lymphadenitis with scattered virus-positive cells at 14 dpi and they developed paracortical depletion without the obvious follicular involution. In contrast, NM-3rN-infected monkeys showed no signs of thymic dysinvolution and the lymph nodes exhibited only follicular hyperplasia. NM-3rN-infected monkeys showed much fewer virus-positive cells in these lymphoid tissues than did SHIV89.6P-infected monkeys during the same period. These differences clearly reflect the difference in the virulence of these SHIVs

キンリン ショコク ノ スキ キライ ニ シンブン ホウドウ ガ アタエル エイキョウ

We　study　to　what　extent　the　amount　of　newspaper　reports　on China　and　North　and　South　Korea　affect　how　much　Japanese　like　or dislike　these　countries．　Some　news　is　good　news，　while　others　are　bad news．　Thus，　we　are　not　sure　whether　more　reports　on　a　country　make people　either　like　or　dislike　the　country　under　consideration　（expected value　constant　hypothesis）．　On　the　other　hand，　since　more　reports provide　more　information，　more　people　change　their　minds　in　either direction（variance　increase　hypothesis）。　We　analyze　monthly　data from　1960　to　2010　and　find　that　these　hypotheses　are　supported．　In addition，　it　turned　out　that，　as　trade　with　a　country　increases，　more peoPle　tend　to　dislike　the　country　in　the　long　run

センゼン ニホン ノ ナイカク ワ ソンゾク スルタメニ ダレ ノ シジ オ ヒツヨウ トシタカ ギカイ グンブ カクリョウ シュショウ センテイシャ

本稿は，戦前日本の内閣は存続にあたって誰の支持を必要としていたかとの問いに，1885年から1947年までの全45内閣の月次データに離散時間の生存分析を適用することによって取り組む．その結果，一方で，議会が多くの内閣提出法案を通すほど，陸相が過去に入閣した経験が長いほど，国務大臣の数が少ないほど，首相選定者の数が多いほど，内閣は長続きすることが明らかになった．他方で，軍部大臣（現役）武官制や政党内閣が内閣の寿命を縮めた，あるいは与党が衆議院に多くの議席を占めるほど内閣が長期間支えられたなどの，証拠は見いだされなかった．以上から，戦前日本は超然内閣というよりも，立法の多寡に内閣の生存が依存するという意味で事実上の議院内閣制であったことが示唆される

クマモト ジシン ニオケル サイガイ カンレン シ ニンテイ ノ シチョウソン ニヨル チガイ

熊本地震の特徴として，災害関連死に認定された人数の多さと，発災から認定されるまでの期間の長さ（認定される時点の遅さ）が挙げられる．本稿は，熊本地震における災害関連死認定の市町村による違いがあるかを明らかにするために，関連死が認定されるタイミングに着目し，生存分析の枠組みを適用した．その結果，熊本市は他の市町村と比べて統計的に有意に早く関連死を認定していることがわかった．また益城町は遅めであった．さらに証拠はやや劣るが，大津町は早め，宇城市は遅めといった傾向も見られた．分析上の細かな設定を多少変えてみても，以上の結論は大筋変わらず，頑健である．ここから，データ分析が難しい関連死認定の他の側面（例えば，人数の多寡，認定基準，審査委員の傾向など）についても，市町村による違いがあったのではないだろうか，ということが示唆される

Pretreatment serum FGF-23 levels predict the efficacy of calcitriol therapy in dialysis patients

Pretreatment serum FGF-23 levels predict the efficacy of calcitriol therapy in dialysis patients.BackgroundThe predictor for the result of calcitriol therapy would be useful in the clinical practice of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) is a newly found circulating phosphaturic factor. Its circulating level is elevated in uremia.MethodsDialysis patients with plasma intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels greater than 300 pg/mL were included in the study. Calcitriol was intravenously injected three times a week. The patients whose plasma iPTH levels dropped below 300 pg/mL within 24 weeks were defined as those who had been successfully treated. A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system that detects human FGF-23 was applied.ResultsSixty-two patients were analyzed. The pretreatment FGF-23 levels were related to the iPTH levels, calcium × phosphate product levels, and history of active vitamin D therapy. The pretreatment FGF-23, iPTH, and calcium levels were lower in the patients who would be successfully treated with calcitriol. A logistic regression study revealed that the pretreatment iPTH and FGF-23 levels significantly affected the therapy results. Analyses using a receiver-operated curve revealed that FGF-23 was the best screening test for identifying patients with future refractory response to calcitriol therapy. The treatment would be successful in 88.2% of those with FGF-23 ≤9860 ng/L and iPTH ≤591 pg/mL, while it would be successful in only 4.2% of those with FGF-23 >9860 ng/L and iPTH >591 pg/mL.ConclusionPretreatment serum FGF-23 levels were a good indicator in predicting the response to calcitriol therapy. The measurement of serum FGF-23 levels, especially in combination with iPTH levels, is a promising laboratory examination for the clinical practice of secondary hyperparathyroidism