Effects of dietary fibre source and enzyme supplementation on faecal apparent digestibility, short chain fatty acid production and activity of bacterial enzymes in the gut of piglets

The effects of fibre source, either wheat bran (WB) or maize cobs (MC), and dietary exogenous enzymes (ES) on performance and digestive parameters of weaned piglets were studied in 24 Duroc×Landrace male piglets, weaned at 21 days of age. There were four treatments arranged factorially, with two sources of fibre (WB or MC) and two concentrations of ES (0 or 0.15 g/kg) that contained 800 U/kg of endo-1,4- -cellulase, 1800 U/kg of endo-1,3(4)- -d-glucanase and 2600 U/kg of endo-1,4- -xylanase. The digestibility of the neutral detergent fibre was higher (P<0.001) in diets containing WB and the digestibility of the acid detergent fibre increased with ES. Small intestine digesta contents (g/kg live weight) at slaughter were higher (P<0.01) in pigs fed MC than in pigs fed WB. Fibre source did not affect the amounts (mmol/l) of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the small intestine. However, replacement of WB by MC increased acetic acid and decreased butyric acid concentrations (P<0.05) in the caecum. In addition, pigs fed diets with MC as the major fibre source had lower (P<0.05) concentration of butyric acid in the colon than pigs fed diets with WB. Enzyme supplementation affected molar proportions of SCFA formed in the small intestine and tended to increase acetic acid, propionic acid and total SCFA concentrations in the colon of piglets fed WB (P<0.10). The xylanolytic and cellulolytic activities in the caecum and colon were higher (P<0.05) for piglets fed WB than for piglets fed MC. In conclusion, ES increased the digestibility of acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre and the replacement of WB by MC reduced neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre digestibility, caecal butyric acid production and hindgut activity of bacterial enzymes

Microbial activity in the gut of piglets: effect of fibre source and enzyme supplementation

Twenty four Duroc×Landrace male piglets, aged 21 days, were assigned to 1 of 4 experimental diets. Diets 1 and 2 contained 150 g kg−1 wheat bran and diets 3 and 4 contained 90 g kg−1 maize cobs as the major fibre source. All diets contained 480 g kg−1 wheat and 200 g kg−1 soybean meal. Diets 2 and 4 were supplemented with the following enzyme complex: 800 U/kg cellulase, 1800 U/kg glucanase and 2600 U/kg xylanase. The replacement of wheat bran by maize cobs increased the acetic (Pb0.05) and decreased the butyric acid production (Pb0.05) in the cecum. Piglets fed diets with maize cobs had lower (Pb0.05) levels of butyric acid in the colon than those fed wheat bran. The xylanolytic, pectinolytic and cellulolytic enzyme activities were higher (Pb0.05) in the cecum and colon of piglets fed the wheat bran based diets. The supplementation of the diet with the enzyme complex did not significantly affect the levels of short chain fatty acids formed in the small intestine and there was a non significant increase of the levels of acetic, propionic and butyric acids in the cecum and colon of piglets (Pb0.10). No interactions were present between fibre sources and enzyme addition. The results suggest that the enzyme supplementation of the diet did not bring significant benefits to the animals and that when maize cobs replaces wheat bran in diets it negatively affects butyric acid production and fibre-degrading enzyme activity in the hindgut of piglets. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Microbial activity in the gut of piglets: effect of prebiotic and probiotic supplementation

Four groups of six 21 days-old piglets were used to evaluate the effect of a prebiotic or probiotic on the intestinal fermentative activity. In each group, piglets received one of the following diets: basal diet (C); basal diet supplemented with xylooligosaccharide (C-XOS); basal diet supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (C-SC); and basal diet supplemented with xylooligosaccharide and S. cerevisiae (C-XOS+SC). The short chain fatty acids in the colon of piglets were decreased with the inclusion of S. cerevisiae in the diet (Pb0.01). The xylanolytic activity was higher (Pb0.05) in the small intestine of piglets fed C-XOS+SC diet, but no significant differences were found in the caecum and colon. In the caecum contents, the cellulolytic activity was increased (Pb0.05) by the C-XOS and C-SC diets, but remained similar when the diet was supplemented with the two additives combined

Isoleucine and valine supplementation of a low-protein corn-wheat-soybean meal-based diet for piglets: growth performance and nitrogen balance

The effects of Ile and Val supplementation of a low-CP, corn-wheat-soybean meal-based piglet diet on growth performance, incidence of diarrhea, and N balance were studied using 60 Landrace × Duroc male piglets in a 4-wk experiment. The 60 individually caged piglets were divided into 5 dietary treatments, each consisting of 12 piglets. Diet 1 was a positive control diet (20% CP); diet 2 was a low-CP negative control diet (17% CP); diets 3, 4, and 5 were low-CP diets to which Ile, Val, or the combination of Ile and Val were added, respectively. All diets were supplemented with Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp to provide the required concentrations of these AA according to the 1998 NRC. Average daily gain and ADFI were similar among pigs fed the positive control, Val-added, and the Val plus Ileadded diets. On wk-2 and wk-4, fecal score was greater (softer feces) in piglets fed the 20% CP level compared with the remaining treatments (P < 0.01). Nitrogen intake was decreased (P < 0.0001) in pigs fed diets containing low levels of CP compared with pigs fed the 20% CP diet. Fecal N excretion (g/d) was decreased (P < 0.05) in piglets fed low-CP diets at wk 1 and wk 4 of feeding, and in urine at wk 4 of feeding. Crude protein levels or AA supplementation had no effect on N retention efficiencies. These results indicate that the supplementation of Val alone, or in combination with Ile, to a low-CP piglet diet with adequate levels of Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp is necessary to achieve maximum performance in pigs consuming corn-wheat-soybean meal-based diets

Effect of prebiotic or probiotic supplementation and ileo rectal anastomosis on intestinal morphology of weaned piglets

Forty eight 21 days old piglets were used to compare the effect of prebiotic or probiotic supplementation and ileo rectal anastomosis on the morphology of the small intestine. Half of the piglets were maintained intact and the other half was subjected to an ileo rectal anastomosis (IRA). Each group of piglets received one of the following diets: 1) basal diet (C), 2) basal diet supplemented with a Xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS), 3) basal diet supplemented with a Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) and 4) basal diet supplemented with XOS and SC. Villus height was greatest with XOS and with XOS + SC, only in the ileum, as compared to controls. In the duodenum, crypt width was highest in the control group, but no significant differences were found in the jejunum and ileum. The IRA piglets had longer villi in the jejunum and shorter villi in the ileum. The crypt depth was greater in the duodenum and in the ileum of IRA piglets. Villus height/crypt depth was lower in the duodenum and in the ileum, in the IRA piglets. In conclusion, the XOS, but not the SC, moderately modified the intestinal morphology. The IRA modified the intestinal villus and crypt architecture but its consequence on the absorption of nutrients needs to be investigated

Role of a family 11 carbohydrate-binding module in the function of a recombinant cellulase used to supplement a barley based diet for broiler chickens

Cellulases and xylanases display a modular architecture that comprises a catalytic module linked to one or more non-catalytic carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs). CBMs have been classified into 52 different families, based on primary structure similarity. These non-catalytic modules mediate a prolonged and intimate contact of the enzyme with the target substrate eliciting efficient hydrolysis of the target polysaccharides. 2. A study was undertaken to investigate the importance of a family 11 CBM, displaying high affinities for barley -glucans, in the function of recombinant derivatives of cellulase CtLic26A-Cel5E of Clostridium thermocellum used to supplement a barley-based diet for broiler chicken. 3. The results showed that birds fed on diets containing the recombinant CtLic26A-Cel5E modular derivatives or the commercial enzyme mixture RovabioTM Excel AP displayed improved performance when compared with birds fed on diets not supplemented with exogenous enzymes. 4. It is suggested that the enzyme dosage used in this study (30 U/kg of basal diet), was probably too high for the efficacy of the family 11 CBM to be noticed. It remains to be established if the targeting effect resulting from the incorporation of CBMs in plant cell wall hydrolases may be effective at lower exogenous enzyme dosages

Trigeminal Neuralgia: Literature Review

The trigeminal nerve, fifth equal of cranial nerves, a mixed nerve is considered by possessing motor and sensitive components. The sensitive portion takes to the Nervous System Central somesthesics information from the skin and mucous membrane of great area of the face, being responsible also for a neural disease, known as the Trigeminal Neuralgia. The aim of this study was to review the literature on the main characteristics of Trigeminal Neuralgia, the relevant aspects for the diagnosis and treatment options for this pathology. This neuralgia is characterized by hard pains and sudden, similar to electric discharges, with duration between a few seconds to two minutes, in the trigeminal nerve sensorial distribution. The pain is unchained by light touches in specific points in the skin of the face or for movements of the facial muscles, it can be caused by traumatic sequels or physiologic processes degenerative associate the vascular compression. Prevails in the senior population, frequently in the woman. In a unilateral way it attacks more the maxillary and mandibular divisions, rarely happens in a simultaneous way in the three branches of trigeminal nerve three branches.30115Adams, R.D., Victor, M., (1985) Principles of Neurology, , New York: Mc Graw-Hill Book CompanyBayer, D.B., Stenger, T.G., Trigeminal Neuralgia: An overview (1979) Oral Surgery, 48 (5), pp. 393-399. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(79)90064-1Bennetto, L., Patel, N.K., Fuller, G., (2007) Trigeminal Neuralgia and Its Management, 334, pp. 201-205. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39085.614792.BE, BMJ, PMid:17255614 PMCid:1782012Brow, J.A., Percutaneous balloon compression for trigeminal Neuralgia (2009) Clinical Neurosurgery, 56, pp. 73-76. , PMid:20214036Eskandar, E., Barker, F.G., Rabinov, J.D., Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case21-2006. A61-year-old man with left-sided facial pain (2006) New England Journal of Medicine, 355, pp. 183-188. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcpc069011, PMid:16837683Fardy, M.J., Patton, D.W., Complication associated with peripheral alcohol injections in the management of trigeminal neuralgia (1994) British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 32 (6), pp. 387-391. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-4356(94)90031-0Frizzo, H.M., Hasse, P.N., Veronese, R.M., Neuralgia do Trigêmeo: Revisão Bibliográfica Analítica (2004) Revista De Cirurgia E Traumatologia Buco-Maxilo-Facial, 4 (4), pp. 212-217Galassi, C., Blasi, G., Galassi, G., Serra, M., Faverio, A., Nevralgie trigeminali ed altre algie del capo (1985) Parodontologia E Stomatologia (nuova), 2, pp. 45-160Goto, F., Ishizaki, K., Yoshikawa, D., Obata, H., Arii, H., Terada, M., The long lasting effects of peripheral nerve blocks for trigeminal neuralgia using a high concentration of tetracaine dissolved in bupivacaine (1999) Pain, 79, pp. 101-103. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(98)00156-0Gusmão, S., Magaldi, M., Arantes, A., Rizotomia trigeminal por radiofrequência para tratamento da neuralgia do trigêmeo: Resultados e modificação técnica (2003) Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria, 61 (2), pp. 434-440. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2003000300020, PMid:12894280Hotta, T.H., Bataglion, A., Bataglion, C., Bezzon, O.L., Involvemente of dental occlusion and trigeminal neuralgia: A clinical report (1997) Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 77 (4), pp. 343-345. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3913(97)70155-0Jacob, R.P., Rhoton, J.A.L., Diagnosis and Nonoperative Management of Trigeminal Neuralgia (1996) In: YOUMANS, JR. Neurological Surgery, 5, pp. 3376-3385. , 4th Ed. W. B. Saunders CompanyJanneta, P.G., Gross (Mesoscopic) description of the human trigeminal nerve and ganglion (1963) Journal of Neurosurgery, 20, pp. 109-111Katusic, S., Beard, M.B., Bergstralh, E., Kurland, L.T., Incidence and clinical features of trigeminal neuralgia, Rochester, Minnesota:1945-1984 (1990) Annals of Neurology, 27, pp. 89-95. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410270114, PMid:2301931Krafft, R.M., Trigeminal neuralgia (2008) American Family Physician, 77, pp. 1291-1296. , PMid:18540495Linskey, M.E., Jho, H.D., Jannetta, P.J., Microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia caused by vertebrobasilar compression (1994) Journal of Neurosurgery, 81, pp. 1-9. , http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1994.81.1.0001, PMid:8207508Loh, H.S., Ling, S.Y., Shanmuhasuntharam, P., Zain, R., Yeo, J.F., Khoo, S.P., Trigeminal neuralgia. A retrospective survey of a sample of patients in Singapore and Malaysia (1998) Australian Dental Journal, 43 (3), pp. 188-191. , PMid:9707784Luna, E.B., Graça, L.F.A., Silva, D.C.O., Bérzin, F., Silva, Z., Souza, G.C., Mitri, F.F., Aspectos Anatômicos e Patológicos da Neuralgia do Trigêmeo: Uma revisão da literatura para estudantes e profissionais da saúde (2010) Bioscience Journal, 26 (4), pp. 661-674Maestri, J.M., Holzer, F., Fisiopatología de la neuralgia del trigémeno (1993) Revista Chilena De Neuro-Psiquiatria, 31 (3), pp. 317-321Mattos, J.M.B., Bueno, F.V., Mattos, L.R., Neuralgia do Trigêmeo: Um novo protocolo de tratamento clínico (2005) Revista Dor, 6 (4), pp. 652-656Meneses, M.S., Clemente, R., Russ, H.H., Traitement microchirurgical de la névralgie du trijumeau (1995) Neurochirurgie, 41 (5), pp. 349-352. , PMid:8577355Monzillo, P.H., Sanvito, W.L., Costa, A.R., Cluster-Tic, S., Syndrome: Report of five new cases (2000) Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria, 58, pp. 518-521. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2000000300019, PMid:10920416Neville, B.W., Damm, D.D., Allen, C.M., Bouquot, J.E., (2004) Patologia Oral E Maxilofacial.2.ed, pp. 865-867. , Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara KooganNurmikko, T.J., Eldridge, P.R., (2001) Trigeminal Neuralgia: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Current Treatment. BJA: British Journal of Anaesthesia, 87, pp. 117-132. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/87.1.117Patterson, C.W., Trigeminal neuralgia-a dental diagnosis challenge (1999) Northwest Dentistry, 78 (3), pp. 19-24Peters, G., Nurmikko, T.J., Peripheral and gasserian ganglion-level precedures for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (2002) Clinical Journal of Pain, 18 (1), pp. 28-34. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002508-200201000-00005, PMid:11803300Quesada, G.A.T., Baptista, C.E., Daiana, S.P., Douglas, L.F., Neuralgia Trigeminal-do diagnóstico ao tratamento (2005) Revista Dentística, (11)Siqueira, S.R.D.T., Nóbrega, J.C.M., Valle, L.B.S., Teixeira, M.J., Siqueira, J.T.T., Clinical aspects and dental procedures (2004) Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, 98 (3), pp. 311-315Toda, K., Trigeminal neuralgia: Symptoms, diagnosis, classification, and related disorders (2007) Oral Science International, 4 (1), pp. 1-9. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1348-8643(07)80006-1Tronnier, V.M., Rasche, D., Hamer, J., Treatment of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia: Comparison of long-term outcome after radiofrequency rhizotomy and microvascular decompression (2001) Neurosurgery, 48, pp. 1261-1268. , PMid:11383728Türp, J.C., Gobetti, J.P., Trigeminal neuralgia versus atypical facial pain: A review of the literature and case report (1996) Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, 81 (4), pp. 424-432Yoon, K.B., Wiles, J.R., Miles, J.B., Nurmikko, T.J., Long-term outcome of percutaneous thermocoagulation for trigeminal neuralgia (1999) Anaesthesia, 54 (80), pp. 798-808Yoshimasu, F., Kurland, L.T., Elvelvack, L.R., Tic dolourex in Rochester, Minnesota (1972) Neurology, 22, pp. 952-956. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.22.9.952, 1945-1969. PMid:467338

Cryptosporidium Spp. And Giardia Spp. In Feces And Water And The Associated Exposure Factors On Dairy Farms

The aims of this study were to verify the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in animal feces and drinking water on dairy farms and to identify a possible relation between the exposure factors and the presence of these parasites. Fecal samples from cattle and humans and water samples were collected on dairy farms in Paraná, Brazil. Analysis of (oo)cysts in the feces was performed by the modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining and centrifugal flotation in zinc sulfate. Test-positive samples were subjected to nested PCR amplification of the 18SSU ribosomal RNA gene for identification of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and of the gp60 gene for subtyping of Cryptosporidium. Microbiological analysis of water was carried out by the multiple-tube method and by means of a chromogenic substrate, and parasitological analysis was performed on 31 samples by direct immunofluorescence and nested PCR of the genes mentioned above. Identification of the species of Cryptosporidium was performed by sequencing and PCR with analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms. The prevalence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium was higher in calves than in adults. Among the samples of cattle feces, Cryptosporidium parvum was identified in 41 (64%), C. ryanae in eight (12.5%), C. bovis in four (6.3%), C. andersoni in five (7.8%), and a mixed infection in 20 samples (31.3%). These parasites were not identified in the samples of human feces. Thermotolerant coliform bacteria were identified in 25 samples of water (45.5%). Giardia duodenalis and C. parvum were identified in three water samples. The gp60 gene analysis of C. parvum isolates revealed the presence of two strains (IIaA20G1R1 and IIaA17G2R2) in the fecal samples and one (IIaA17G2R1) in the water samples. The presence of coliforms was associated with the water source, structure and degradation of springs, rain, and turbidity. The prevalence of protozoa was higher in calves up to six months of age. C. parvum and G. duodenalis were identified in the water of dairy farms, as were thermotolerant coliforms; these findings point to the need for guidance on handling of animals, preservation of water sources, and water treatment. © 2017 Toledo et al.This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.12

Avaliação do impacte de fogos florestais nos recursos hídricos subterrâneos. 3.º Relatório de Execução

O relatório apresenta os trabalhos desenvolvidos no âmbito do Projeto POCI/AGR/59180/2004 entre 1 de janeiro e 31 de dezembro de 2007. O relatório organiza-se pela descrição das seguintes tarefas: T1 – Selecção das áreas de estudo; T2 – Caracterização agro-florestal; T3 – Caracterização de cinzas e testes laboratoriais de combustão; T4 – Modelação do ciclo hidrológico e caracterização da qualidade da água; T5 – Coordenação e integração.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologi