L'influence des immigrants sur le cinéma hollywoodien à l'époque du maccarthysme

International audienceNous savons qu'à part la première génération des réalisateurs américains au sens stricte du terme (D.W. Griffith, Ince, De Mille, Sennett), l'industrie cinématographique fut vite peuplée par des immigrants fraîchement arrivés de la Vieille Europe. Etant donné que le cinéma hollywoodien prétendait être une usine à rêves pour les classes populaire américaines, il nous semble pertinent d'enquêter sur l'influence que les étrangers ont pu avoir sur le cinéma, surtout par rapport à l'image des Etats-Unis qu'ils retransmettaient dans leurs œuvres. Nous nous concentrerons sur une époque spécifique de l'histoire du 20ème siècle : les années 1950 à 1954, période qui fut le théâtre d'une dérive politique, jamais réitérée depuis, celle du phénomène du maccarthysme. D'ailleurs, à cette époque, le nationalisme et la question de l'identité américaine agitaient la société. En étudiant les œuvres de deux réalisateurs immigrants, nous espérons démontrer que leur point de vue sur la société de la période était différent, et peut-être plus réaliste, que celui de leurs pairs américains 'de souche'. La confrontation des œuvres de Zinnemann à celles de Kazan, nous offrira deux réactions différentes à l'anticommunisme américain des années cinquante. Zinnemann est arrivé en Amérique en octobre 1929, à l'âge de 22 ans, il est devenu citoyen américain en 1937. D'origine autrichienne et juif, donc "doublement étranger" comme disait Michel Ciment à propos de Billy Wilder, Zinnemann a connu les années fastes de sa carrière à partir des années cinquante. Kazan, né en Constantinople et d'origine grecque, est arrivé à l'âge de 4 ans et a pris la nationalité américaine d'office. Malgré ceci, c'est Kazan qui parlera toute sa vie de son sentiment d'être étranger, pleinement conscient de sa position aux marges de la société américaine. Zinnemann n'a jamais revendiqué un statut de réalisateur de films à messages. Cependant il a fait des films qui peuvent être interprétés en tant que commentaires sur ce qui se passait dans la société américaine au début des années cinquante, en se servant des mythes fondateurs de la psyché américaine ; il passe du genre western (High Noon), à l'événement de Pearl Harbor (Tant qu'il y aura des hommes), à la fondation de l'état d'Oklahoma (Oklahoma!). A son encontre, Kazan insista sur l'aspect hautement personnel de ses films, surtout à partir de 1952 et sa parution comme témoin délateur devant la House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). Le cinéma devient alors pour Kazan le moyen d'expliquer et de justifier ses actions de cette époque. Ses deux films de 1952 (Zapata!) et de 1953 (Man on a Tightrope) sont les seuls qu'il tourna de cette période dont l'histoire se passe à l'étranger, comme si la justification filmique qu'il cherchait à donner à ses actes ne pouvait pas venir de l'intérieur du système nord-américain. Ce n'est qu'en 1954 avec Sur les quais que Kazan réussi pleinement son 'apologie de la délation' (selon Wieder), une apologie qui devient alors possible en plaçant l'intrigue au cœur de la société contemporaine américaine. Par le biais d'une analyse filmique d'une sélection de leurs œuvres réalisés entre 1950 et 1954 je montrerai que ces deux réalisateurs étaient pleinement conscients de l'ambigüité de la politique américaine de l'époque et que c'est justement leur place en tant qu'étranger au sein de la société américaine qui leur a permis un regard plus critique sur la réalité du rêve américain à ce moment clé. De surcroit je poserai le postulat que leur réactions différentes face au maccarthysme puisent toutes les deux leurs origines dans leur statut d'immigrant au sein de la société américaine

Modeling erosion and sediment delivery on mountain roads in Upper Deep Creek

Upper Deep Creek is a 250-square mile sub-watershed that is located in a mountainous, forested region of the San Bernardino National Forest in San Bernardino county in Southern California. It is widely acknowledged that in mountainous, forested watersheds, roads are a primary source of excess sediment that can enter stream networks and cause environmental degradation. The goal of this project was to screen the Upper Deep Creek road network using two erosion prediction models, the Washington Road Surface Erosion Model (WARSEM) and the Watershed Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP:Road), in order to identify road segments that are contributing significant amounts of sediment to the stream system, and to test the predictions of the models using a field sediment collection method

Women in Agriculture: A Summary of the 1990 Research Project and Recommendations for Extension

This report documents the findings of the 1990 Women In Agriculture survey and personal interviews that were conducted during the summer of 1990. The overall goal of the research project was to collect primary data on women living on farms and ranches in South Dakota. The specific objectives of the project were to determine if there was a variation in participation based on the size of the operation, age of the woman or stage in the lifecycle, geographical location, types of production enterprises and off-farm employment status of the women. The final section of this report makes recommendations for future study and summarizes the perceived needs of farm and ranch women

Recognising the importance of preference change: A call for a coordinated multidisciplinary research effort in the age of AI

As artificial intelligence becomes more powerful and a ubiquitous presence in daily life, it is imperative to understand and manage the impact of AI systems on our lives and decisions. Modern ML systems often change user behavior (e.g. personalized recommender systems learn user preferences to deliver recommendations that change online behavior). An externality of behavior change is preference change. This article argues for the establishment of a multidisciplinary endeavor focused on understanding how AI systems change preference: Preference Science. We operationalize preference to incorporate concepts from various disciplines, outlining the importance of meta-preferences and preference-change preferences, and proposing a preliminary framework for how preferences change. We draw a distinction between preference change, permissible preference change, and outright preference manipulation. A diversity of disciplines contribute unique insights to this framework.Comment: Accepted at the AAAI-22 Workshop on AI For Behavior Change held at the Thirty-Sixth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-22), 7 pages, 1 figur

Motives, Self-Regulation, and a Re-Conceptualization of Entrepreneurial Success

This study examines the role of intrinsic motives and self-regulatory factors on entrepreneurs' goal progress, career success, and subjective well-being. A review of the literature on entrepreneurial motives found that not only do entrepreneurs have a broad range of motives for starting a business, they tend to emphasize intrinsic motives above financial motives. This indicates the need to re-conceptualize entrepreneurial success to include dimensions beyond the financial measures typically used to measure entrepreneurial success, such as subjective career success and global life satisfaction/subjective well-being. Structural equation modeling of survey responses from entrepreneurs indicated that self-control was positively related to goal progress, and goal progress fully mediated the positive relationship between self-control and career success. Locomotion was positively related to goal progress and career success, and goal progress partially mediated the relationship between locomotion and career success. Career success fully mediated the relationship between goal progress and subjective well-being. Locomotion fully mediated the positive relationship between intrinsic motives and goal progress. Results suggest that intrinsic motives alone are not adequate for goal progress and career success -- high levels of locomotion are also necessary. This finding contributes to self-determination theory by identifying why some individuals fail to act regardless of having high levels of intrinsic motivation. Additionally, self-control, which contributes to higher levels of goal progress, is a self-regulatory skill that can be learned. Practical implications suggest that helping entrepreneurs increase their self-regulatory skills can enhance their subjective and objective success, leading to better performance and higher levels of subjective-well being.Business Administratio

UV exposure causes energy trade-offs leading to increased chytrid fungus susceptibility in green tree frog larvae

Levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation have increased in many parts of the world due to the anthropogenic destruction of the ozone layer. UV radiation is a potent immunosuppressant and can increase the susceptibility of animal hosts to pathogens. UV radiation can directly alter immune function via immunosuppression and photoimmunotolerance; however, UV may also influence pathogen defences by affecting the distribution of energy resources among competing physiological processes. Both defence against UV damage and repair of incurred damage, as well as the maintenance of immune defences and responding to an immune challenge, are energetically expensive. These competing demands for finite energy resources could trade off against one another, resulting in sub-optimal performance in one or both processes. We examined the potential for a disease-related energy trade-off in green tree frog (Litoria caerulea) larvae. Larvae were reared under high- or low-UV conditions for 12 weeks during which time we measured growth rates, metabolic rate and susceptibility to the amphibian fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). We found that larvae exposed to high levels of UV radiation had higher rates of energy expenditure than those exposed to low UV levels; however, UV exposure did not affect growth rates or developmental timings. Larvae exposed to high UV radiation also experienced greater Bd infection rates and carried a higher infection burden than those not exposed to elevated UV radiation. We propose that the increased energetic costs of responding to UV radiation were traded off against immune defences to protect larval growth rates. These findings have important implications for the aetiology of some Bd-associated amphibian declines, particularly in montane environments where Bd infections are most severe and where UV levels are highest

Experimental hut and bioassay evaluation of the residual activity of a polymer-enhanced suspension concentrate (SC-PE) formulation of deltamethrin for IRS use in the control of Anopheles arabiensis.

BACKGROUND: The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) came into effect in 2004; the use of DDT for malaria control has been allowed to continue under exemption since then due to a perceived absence of equally effective and efficient alternatives. Alternative classes of insecticide for indoor residual spraying (IRS) have a relatively short residual duration of action (2-6 months according to WHO). In areas of year-round transmission multiple spray cycles are required, resulting in significantly higher costs for malaria control programs and user fatigue. This study evaluated performance of a new formulation of deltamethrin (pyrethroid) with polymer (SC-PE) to prolong the effective residual action to >6 months. METHODS: Deltamethrin SC-PE was evaluated alongside an existing water dispersible granule (WG) formulation and DDT water dispersible powder (WP) in laboratory and hut bioassays on mud, concrete, palm thatch and plywood substrates. An experimental hut trial was conducted in Lower Moshi Rice Irrigation Zone, Tanzania from 2008-2009 against wild, free-flying, pyrethroid susceptible An. arabiensis. Performance was measured in terms of insecticide-induced mortality, and blood-feeding inhibition. Bioassays were carried out monthly on sprayed substrates to assess residual activity. RESULTS: Bioassays in simple huts (designed for bioassay testing only) and experimental huts (designed for testing free flying mosquitoes) showed evidence that SC-PE improved longevity on mud and concrete over the WG formulation. Both deltamethrin SC-PE and WG outperformed DDT in bioassays on all substrates tested in the laboratory and simple huts. In experimental hut trials SC-PE, WG and DDT produced high levels of An. arabiensis mortality and the treatments were equivalent over nine months' duration. Marked seasonal changes in mortality were recorded for DDT and deltamethrin treatments, and may have been partly influenced by outdoor temperature affecting indoor resting duration of mosquitoes on sprayed surfaces, although no clear correlation was demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS: There is a limited range of alternative insecticides for IRS, and deltamethrin SC-PE is likely to have an important role as part of a rotation strategy with one or more different insecticide classes rotated annually, particularly in areas that currently have low levels of pyrethroid resistance or low LLIN coverage and year-round malaria transmission

Creating a Professional Development Plan for a Simulation Consortium

As the United States struggles with health care reform and a nursing education system that inadequately prepares students for practice, dramatic advances in educational technology signal opportunities for both academic and practicing nurses to affect our profession as never before. Simulation technologies provide large and small institutions with the means to educate health care students and novice professionals effectively and efficiently through hands-on experience, but the costs of such a venture can be prohibitive. A simulation consortium offers a venue for different health care and educational institutions with shared goals to pool knowledge, monies, and labor toward health care education throughout a geographic area. This article details one Midwestern U.S. region's work in creating a professional development plan for a new simulation consortium

Type I Diabetes in Children and Vitamin D

Vitamin D deficiency is associated with multiple childhood diseases including type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). T1DM in children is becoming more prevalent, with a 23% increase nationally from 2001 to 2009. Similarly, West Virginia has had an 8.1% increase in children with type 1Diabetes from 2008/2009 to 2010/2011. This article highlights the association between vitamin D and type 1 diabetes and discusses vitamin D’s potential role in the reduction and management of T1DM in children

Coping with climatic extremes: Dietary fat content decreased the thermal resilience of barramundi (Lates calcarifer)

Aquatic organisms, including important cultured species, are forced to contend with acute changes in water temperature as the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events worsen. Acute temperature spikes are likely to threaten aquaculture species, but dietary intervention may play an important protective role. Increasing the concentration of macronutrients, for example dietary fat content, may improve the thermal resilience of aquaculture species, however, this remains unexplored. To evaluate this hypothesis, we used two commercially available diets (20% versus 10% crude fat) to examine if dietary fat content improves the growth performance of juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer) while increasing their resilience to acute thermal stress. Fish were fed their assigned diets for 28-days before assessing the upper thermal tolerance (CTMAX) and the thermal sensitivity of swimming performance (UCRIT) and metabolism. We found that feeding fish a high fat diet resulted in heavier fish, but did not affect the thermal sensitivity of swimming performance or metabolism over an 18 °C temperature range (from 20 to 38 °C). Thermal tolerance was compromised in fish fed the high fat diet by 0.48 °C, showing significantly lower CTMAX. Together, these results suggest that while a high fat diet increases juvenile L. calcarifer growth, it does not benefit physiological performance across a range of relevant water temperatures and may even reduce fish tolerance of extreme water temperatures. These data may have implications for aquaculture production in a warming world, where episodic extremes of temperature are likely to become more frequent