107 research outputs found
Bases para el diseño de un plan estratégico de la Unidad del Sistema de Parques Nacionales y el Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas
Colombia cuenta con el Sistema de Parques Nacionales Naturales -SPNN- y está en el proceso de constituir un Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas -SINAP- que articule la variedad de áreas protegidas de iniciativa municipal, departamental, regional, colectiva y privada. La Unidad Administrativa Especial del Sistema de Parques Nacionales Naturales -UAESPNN- es la entidad responsable de administrar el primero de estos sistemas y de liderar la constitución del segundo. La complejidad de los retos organizativos asociados con estas responsabilidades de la UAESPNN exigen la constitución de una capacidad institucional que necesariamente debe partir de sólidos procesos de planificación, con una perspectiva de largo plazo y con una adecuada articulación de los esfuerzos oficiales y las iniciativas ciudadanas. En los últimos cinco años, la Unidad ha ejecutado un proyecto de fortalecimiento institucional, con recursos de la cooperación de los Países Bajos, en el que se han elaborado una serie de estudios y se han llevado a cabo experiencias piloto en diversos aspectos propios del quehacer de la Unidad. Estos esfuerzos complementan avances previos en materias como la integración de una estrategia financiera, el desarrollo de líneas de investigación, la oferta de educación ambiental, el diseño de cambios en la organización interna de la Unidad, el análisis y la revisión del cuerpo normativo que sustenta su gestión, la validación de opciones productivas para las poblaciones vecinas a las áreas protegidas y la consolidación de una capacidad de planeación en los diversos ámbitos de trabajo, entre otras actividades necesarias para la conservación de los parques nacionales. Este documento presenta una revisión analítica de diferentes trabajos en los que se recopilan y se discuten las propuestas y las experiencias acumuladas, así como de documentos de referencia existentes en la Unidad. Esta revisión analítica está dirigida a señalar y a destacar antecedentes y retos que se considera recomendable tener en cuenta al elaborar un plan estratégico para la Unidad.
Gasto, inversión y financiamiento para el desarrollo sostenible en Colombia
El Sistema Nacional Ambiental (SINA) se estableció mediante la Ley 99 de 1993, caracterizado por una estructura descentralizada, democrática y participativa. Su función es el manejo ambiental de Colombia y la expectativa es que se fundamente en la acción coordinada y descentralizada de las autoridades locales y regionales, así como en la participación de las etnias y la ciudadanía en general, en torno al desarrollo sostenible ambiental, económico y social del país. La estructura formal de financiación del Sistema abarca una variedad de instrumentos y fuentes de financiación para los niveles nacional, regional y municipal, tanto públicos como privados. Las fuentes oficiales nacionales de financiación de la inversión tuvieron una recomposición entre 1995 y 1998, de tal forma que se redujo la participación de las apropiaciones en el total del presupuesto nacional, mientras que la de las rentas propias de las corporaciones y la del Fondo Nacional de Regalías (FNR) han tendido a aumentar. Esto refleja consistencia con un esquema descentralizado. Las rentas propias de las corporaciones autónomas y de las autoridades ambientales urbanas son las fuentes más estables y significativas del sistema. Éstas incluyen: un porcentaje del impuesto predial recaudado por los municipios; los recursos de capital; un porcentaje de las ventas de las empresas generadoras de energía; los ingresos por concepto de ventas de bienes y servicios; las tasas retributivas y compensatorias, y los convenios interinstitucionales. La participación mayoritaria proviene del porcentaje del impuesto predial y de los recursos de capital y existe una concentración de los ingresos en cinco corporaciones con densidad demográfica y económica alta, aun considerando los factores de presión y el estado de los recursos naturales. Los montos de gasto en funcionamiento e inversión de las entidades especializadas ascendieron a alrededor de US 3.2 millones. La composición del gasto de funcionamiento según el tipo de gasto varía en forma significativa dependiendo de la entidad. Los aportes de la nación para el funcionamiento de las entidades especializadas del Sistema Nacional Ambiental (SINA) tienden a concentrarse en gastos en personal (65%), mientras que los gastos generales y las transferencias corrientes representan porcentajes semejantes (17%). En el período 1990-1999, el 73% del total de la inversión ambiental con apropiaciones del presupuesto nacional fue ejecutado por las entidades ambientales, en su mayoría por las Corporaciones Autónomas (54%). La Dirección Superior canalizó el 18% de las apropiaciones de inversión, incluyendo los aportes para institutos de investigación y los créditos externos ejecutados por las corporaciones.
Gasto, inversión y financiamiento para el desarrollo sostenible en Colombia
Incluye BibliografíaOrganismos de planificación y de definición de políticas a nivel nacional y entidades regionales adelantan actividades orientadas a contar con instrumentos de análisis y de racionalización del gasto. Las acciones son diversas y todavía no han sido estructuradas hasta el punto de fundamentar de manera sistemática la asignación óptima de los recursos disponibles
A novel and rapid method for Agrobacterium-mediated production of stably transformed Cannabis sativa L. plants
[EN] The development of genetically transformed plants is an elusive landmark in Cannabis sativa L. breeding. Despite
its economic interest, at present, protocols for producing transgenic C. sativa plants are scarce. We studied the
ability of hypocotyl, cotyledon and meristem explants from six C. sativa hemp varieties for transgenic plant
regeneration. For this, we firstly evaluated in vitro regeneration rates of hypocotyls cultured in medium without
plant growth regulators, and cotyledons cultured in medium supplemented with 0.4 mg L- 1 of thidiazuron (TDZ)
and 0.2 mg L- 1 of ¿-naphthaleneacetic (NAA). Subsequently, the effect of different kanamycin concentrations
(50, 100, 200, 500 and 750 mg L- 1) on hypocotyl regeneration rate was determined. Finally, we assessed
transformation rates after hypocotyl, cotyledon and meristem co-culture with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain
LBA4404 carrying the binary plasmid pBIN19 containing the ß-glucuronidase (uidA) reporter gene and the
kanamycin resistance neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) genes. Plant transformation was validated through in
vitro culture of regenerating shoots in kanamycin-containing selective regeneration medium, by GUS histochemical
assay for uidA expression, and by PCR amplification of uidA and nptII genes. Our results showed that
hypocotyls reached a higher regeneration rate (53.3 %) than cotyledons (18.1 %) without Agrobacterium coculture.
On the other hand, 100 mg L- 1 kanamycin proved to be the best concentration in terms of regeneration
rate (63.3 %) and spontaneous rooting rate of hypocotyl regenerating shoots (12.2 %), which displayed a 7.1
% of albinism rate. After co-culture with A. tumefaciens and subsequent culture in antibiotic-containing selective
regeneration medium, hypocotyl was the best explant type achieving 23.1 % of regeneration rate, which contrasts
with the 1.0 % regeneration rate detected for cotyledons. Transgenic plants were obtained from all explant
types evaluated. Although there were significant differences among varieties evaluated, hypocotyls proved to be
superior to already-developed meristems, reaching a transformation rate of 5.0 % and 0.8 % respectively. Despite
the extremely low regeneration rate of cotyledons after A. tumefaciens co-culture, all cotyledon-derived regenerating
shoots analyzed were successfully transformed. Our hormone-free protocol doubles the transformation
rate of regenerating shoots, also producing transgenic plants three times faster than other already published
protocols. This has relevant implications for C. sativa breeding, enabling not only genetic transformation, but also
the use of new plant breeding techniques such as targeted genome editing by using CRISPR/Cas systems. This
may foster the development of C. sativa varieties with specific biochemical profiles, or tolerant to biotic and
abiotic stresses among others.The authors received no specific funding for this work. Pietro Gramazio is grateful to Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) for a post-doctoral grant (P19105, FY2019 [Standard])Galán-Ávila, A.; Gramazio, P.; Ron, M.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Herraiz García, FJ. (2021). A novel and rapid method for Agrobacterium-mediated production of stably transformed Cannabis sativa L. plants. Industrial Crops and Products. 170:1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113691S11517
Integrating courtyard microclimate in building performance to mitigate extreme urban heat impacts
Extreme heat events are expected to occur more often as a consequence of climate change. This paper
quantifies the impact of urban climate on building performance and evaluates the benefits of specific
microclimates, such as inner courtyards, to mitigate extreme heat impacts. A reference case study associated
with two outdoor weather conditions, an inner courtyard and a local urban climate, was measured, simulated and
validated in TRNSYS. The validated model was then compared to three building models with a single outdoor
weather condition associated with the urban climate, weather data from a rural station and a typical year weather
file. The models were evaluated in free-running conditions and with air-conditioning systems. The results show
how urban climate can increase indoor discomfort hours by 32% in free-running conditions and demonstrate that
courtyard microclimate can almost completely mitigate the impact of urban overheating in buildings, eliminating
severe indoor discomfort hours by more than 88%. Moreover, the increase in cooling energy demand due to
urban climate was reduced by more than 15% in the case of having air-conditioning systems. The findings
manifest the importance of accurate weather data for building simulation and demonstrate how multi-nodal
outdoor conditions can enable additional strategies to mitigate climate risks, highlighting urban microclimates as
a promising strategy to tackle extreme heat events in buildings and citie
Aligned copper nanowires as a cut-and-paste exclusive electrochemical transducer for free-enzyme highly selective quantification of intracellular hydrogen peroxide in cisplatin-treated cells
The role and reliable quantification of intracellular hydrogen peroxide during cancer therapy constitutes an unexplored and fascinating application. In this work, we report the fabrication of vertically aligned copper nanowires (v-CuNWs) using electrosynthesis on templates, and their application as a cut-and-paste exclusive and flexible electrochemical transducer. This easily adaptable electrodic platform is demonstrated for a fast, simple and free-enzyme selective quantification of intracellular hydrogen peroxide in Cisplatin-treated human renal HK-2 cells. The v-CuNWs sensor was compared with an HRP-enzyme-based biosensor showing excellent correlation and indicates the good selectivity and analytical performance of the v-CuNWs. This sensing approach opens novel avenues for monitoring cell death processes and shows the potential of H2O2 as a cellular damage biomarker, with a clear potency for further developments for in vitro diagnosis and its implication in cancer therapy.Comunidad de MadridMinisterio de Economía y CompetitividadMinisterio de Ciencia e Innovació
Development of backcross generations and new interspecific hybrid combinations for introgression breeding in eggplant (Solanum melongena)
[EN] Introgression breeding can contribute to broadening the genetic background of eggplant (Solanum melongena). We used six eggplant varieties and 44 interspecific hybrids between these eggplant accessions and 10 accessions of wild relatives from the primary genepool species S. insanum and secondary genepool species S. anguivi, S. dasyphyllum, S. incanum, S. lichtensteinii, and S. tomentosum to obtain first backcross generations to S. melongena. Pollen viability in cultivated and wild parents and interspecific hybrids with S. insanum was high, while for interspecific hybrids with secondary genepool species it was variable. First backcross generations to S. melongena were obtained with interspecific hybrids of all the wild species, with the best results being obtained in crosses with hybrids between S. melongena and S. insanum. However, ample differences were observed among eggplant varieties in the success of the crosses. Additionally, the six eggplant varieties were crossed with secondary genepool species S. campylacanthum, S. lidii and S. vespertilio and with tertiary genepool species S. bonariense, S. elaeagnifolium and S. sisymbriifolium with the aim of obtaining new interspecific hybrids. Successful interspecific hybridization was achieved with the three new secondary genepool species tested and, using embryo rescue, with the tertiary genepool species S. elaeagnifolium. The new backcross generations and interspecific hybrids obtained will contribute to broadening the genetic background of the eggplant and to the genetic enhancement of this crop.This work was undertaken as part of the initiative "Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Collecting, Protecting and Preparing Crop Wild Relatives", which is supported by the Government of Norway. The project is managed by the Global Crop Diversity Trust with the Millennium Seed Bank of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Mew and implemented in partnership with national and international gene banks and plant breeding institutes around the world. For further information see the project website: http://www.cwrdiversity.org/. This work has also been funded in part by European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 677379 (G2P-SOL project: Linking genetic resources, genomes and phenotypes of Solanaceous crops) and from Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (grant AGL2015-64755-R from MINECO/FEDER, EU). Pietro Gramazio is grateful to Universitat Politecnica de Valencia for a pre-doctoral (Programa FPI de la UPV-Subprograma 1/2013 call) contract.Kouassi, B.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Gramazio, P.; Kouassi, A.; Vilanova Navarro, S.; Galán-Ávila, A.; Herraiz García, FJ.... (2016). Development of backcross generations and new interspecific hybrid combinations for introgression breeding in eggplant (Solanum melongena). Scientia Horticulturae. 213:199-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2016.10.039S19920721
Preterm delivery and immigration
Prematurity is the main cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. There are many and varied risk factors described: some related to the mother, such as age, parity, socioeconomic situation, lifestyles or obstetric history; others related to pregnancy, such as prenatal care received or gestational complications. Many of them can be found among immigrant women residing in Spain, but the literature is limited. A cross-sectional study is proposed with the objective of identifying the prematurity rate and related factors in a population of immigrant and native women. To do this, the records of 1,874 immigrant women who gave birth at the Hospital of El Ejido (Almería) between January 1997 and June 2003 are exploited, and compared with an equal group of native women, whose birth was immediately afterwards. It was observed that, although the percentage of premature newborns in immigrant women was somewhat higher than in Spanish women (7.31% vs. 6.72%), this difference was not significant. On the other hand, among immigrant women with premature children, a greater history of sexually transmitted infections, hypertensive disease, and inadequate prenatal care was observed (p<0.05).La prematuridad es la principal causa de morbimortalidad perinatal. Son muchos y variados los factores de riesgo descritos: unos relacionados con la madre, como la edad, paridad, situación socioeconómica, estilos de vida o antecedentes obstétricos; otros relacionados con el embarazo, como la atención prenatal recibida o las complicaciones gestacionales. Muchos de ellos pueden encontrarse entre las mujeres inmigrantes que residen en España, pero la literatura es limitada. Se plantea un estudio transversal con el objetivo de identificar la tasa de prematuridad y los factores relacionados en una población de mujeres inmigrantes y autóctonas. Para ello, se explotan los registros de 1.874 mujeres inmigrantes que dieron a luz en el Hospital de El Ejido (Almería) entre Enero de 1997 a Junio de 2003, y se compara con un grupo igual de mujeres autóctonas, cuyo parto fue inmediatamente posterior. Se observó que, aunque el porcentaje de recién nacidos prematuros en mujeres inmigrantes fue algo superior a las españolas (7,31% vs. 6,72%), esta diferencia no fue significativa. Por otro lado, entre las mujeres inmigrantes con hijos prematuros, se observó más antecedentes de infecciones de transmisión sexual, enfermedad hipertensiva, y control prenatal inadecuado (p<0,05)
Database model for the elaboration of virtual herbarium
En este proyecto se ha elaborado una base de datos adaptativa, y con aplicación a lo largo de la vida profesional del alumnado, con fines didácticos para ayudar a la identificación de características vegetativas de plantas comunes en la Sierra de Córdoba. El objeto es incluir esta herramienta en los materiales de las asignaturas que se imparten en el Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal. Esta base de datos utiliza principalmente la hoja como carácter para la identificación de especies, incluyendo también información sobre el tallo, inflorescencia, flor o fruto. Se ha pretendido construir un instrumento adaptativo de ayuda en el desarrollo del dominio experto en la identificación de especies vegetales que todo biólogo debe poseer para su desempeño profesional.An adaptive database, with an application throughout the professional life of the students, has been developed in this project, with didactic purposes to help identify the vegetative characteristics of common plants in the Sierra de Córdoba. The purpose is to include this tool in the materials of the subjects taught in the Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology. This database uses mainly the leaf as character for the identification of species, also including information about the stem, inflorescence, flower or fruit. It has been tried to construct an adaptive instrument of aid in the development of the expert domain in the identification of vegetal species that every biologist must possess for its professional performance
Expression profile of microRNAs related with viral infectivity, inflammatory response, and immune activation in people living with HIV
Objective: To evaluate the serum expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) with ability to modulate the human immunodeficiency (HIV) replication or inflammatory status in people living with HIV (PLWH). Methods: Forty healthy controls and two groups of PLWH were evaluated: (a) Group 1 (n = 30), patients with detectable viral load at inclusion, analyzed before receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) and 12 months after initiating it; (b) Group 2 (n = 55), PLWH with prolonged undetectable viral load. Intestinal barrier disruption (I-FABP) and bacterial translocation (16S rDNA) markers, inflammatory markers such as interleukin (IL)-6 and sCD163, immune activation and expression of specific miRNAs were evaluated. Results: Serum concentrations of I-FABP, 16S rDNA, IL-6, sCD163 and activated T lymphocytes were increased in PLWH. Serum miR-34a was overexpressed at inclusion and remained elevated after ART. The expression of the remaining miRNAs that modulate HIV infectivity (miR-7, mir-29a, miR-150, and miR-223) was similar in PLWH and controls. Related to miRNAs implicated in inflammation (miR-21, miR-155, and miR-210), significant overexpression were observed in miR-21 and miR-210 levels in untreated PLWH, but levels were restored in those patients treated for a long period. Conclusion: A sustained overexpression of miR-34a was detected even after prolonged HIV controlled replication. miR-21 and miR-210 can be considered new markers of inflammation with high sensitivity to its modifications.12 página
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