Élaboration et caractérisation de nanocristaux de sulfure de cadmium - dépôt en couches minces nanostructurées

Two chemical methods are developed to synthesize cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanocrystals (NC) in bottom-up approach: (i) single-source precursor methodology and (ii) microwave synthetic route. These two growth techniques are complementary in the size range obtained and allow production of small NC (2.8 nm - 5.2 nm) in only (i) 120 min and (ii) some minutes. A joint technique characterization protocol is developed to study the synthesized NC. Mass spectrometry (MS) coupled to soft ionization sources allows to control the purity and stability of the precursors and to estimate the NC size and size distribution. These estimations are confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Comparison between SM and TEM results suggests that NC have (i) spherical and (ii) prolate shapes. X-ray diffraction reveals nanoparticle crystalline structure in (i) wurtzite and (ii) zinc blende symmetries. Room temperature optical spectrometry (absorption and photoluminescence - PL) evidences quantum confinement effects by the shift of the excitonic response as a function of the NC size, in the blue-UV spectral range. These results are consistent with the well-known empirical energy-size correspondence. For optoelectronic application purpose, thin film deposition of polymer (PMMA) containing CdS NC is initiated by spin coating. The previous characterization protocol, extended to techniques dedicated to thin film studies, shows that NC maintain their integrity and PL properties after inclusion in PMMA layerDeux méthodes de synthèse chimique, relevant de l'approche bottom-up, sont mises en oeuvre pour élaborer des nanocristaux (NC) de sulfure de cadmium (CdS) : les croissances (i) par source unique de précurseur et (ii) par voie micro-ondes. Ces deux techniques, complémentaires dans la gamme de tailles obtenues, permettent la réalisation de NC de petites tailles (2,8 nm - 5,2 nm) en seulement (i) 120 min et (ii) quelques minutes. Un protocole de caractérisation par techniques conjointes est mis au point pour étudier ces NC. La spectrométrie de masse (SM) couplée à des sources d'ionisation douce contrôle la pureté et la stabilité des précurseurs et permet d'estimer la taille et la distribution en taille des NC. Ces estimations sont confirmées par microscopie électronique en transmission (MET). La confrontation des résultats de SM et de MET suggère une géométrie des NC (i) sphérique et (ii) ellipsoïdale. La diffraction des rayons X montre l'état cristallin des nanoparticules en structures (i) würtzite et (ii) zinc blende. La spectrométrie optique à température ambiante (absorption et photoluminescence - PL) témoigne des effets de confinement quantique par le glissement de la réponse excitonique dans le domaine bleu proche UV en fonction de la taille des NC, s'inscrivant dans la correspondance connue énergie-taille. Dans la perspective d'applications optoélectroniques, le dépôt en couches minces de polymère (PMMA) contenant des NC de CdS est entrepris par spin coating. Le même protocole de caractérisations, enrichi de techniques adaptées aux couches minces, montre que les NC conservent leur intégrité et leurs propriétés de PL après inclusion dans la couch

Elaboration and characterization of cadmium sulfide nanocrystals : nanostructured thin film deposition

Deux méthodes de synthèse chimique, relevant de l'approche bottom-up, sont mises en oeuvre pour élaborer des nanocristaux (NC) de sulfure de cadmium (CdS) : les croissances (i) par source unique de précurseur et (ii) par voie micro-ondes. Ces deux techniques, complémentaires dans la gamme de tailles obtenues, permettent la réalisation de NC de petites tailles (2,8 nm - 5,2 nm) en seulement (i) 120 min et (ii) quelques minutes. Un protocole de caractérisation par techniques conjointes est mis au point pour étudier ces NC. La spectrométrie de masse (SM) couplée à des sources d'ionisation douce contrôle la pureté et la stabilité des précurseurs et permet d'estimer la taille et la distribution en taille des NC. Ces estimations sont confirmées par microscopie électronique en transmission (MET). La confrontation des résultats de SM et de MET suggère une géométrie des NC (i) sphérique et (ii) ellipsoïdale. La diffraction des rayons X montre l'état cristallin des nanoparticules en structures (i) würtzite et (ii) zinc blende. La spectrométrie optique à température ambiante (absorption et photoluminescence - PL) témoigne des effets de confinement quantique par le glissement de la réponse excitonique dans le domaine bleu proche UV en fonction de la taille des NC, s'inscrivant dans la correspondance connue énergie-taille. Dans la perspective d'applications optoélectroniques, le dépôt en couches minces de polymère (PMMA) contenant des NC de CdS est entrepris par spin coating. Le même protocole de caractérisations, enrichi de techniques adaptées aux couches minces, montre que les NC conservent leur intégrité et leurs propriétés de PL après inclusion dans la coucheTwo chemical methods are developed to synthesize cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanocrystals (NC) in bottom-up approach: (i) single-source precursor methodology and (ii) microwave synthetic route. These two growth techniques are complementary in the size range obtained and allow production of small NC (2.8 nm - 5.2 nm) in only (i) 120 min and (ii) some minutes. A joint technique characterization protocol is developed to study the synthesized NC. Mass spectrometry (MS) coupled to soft ionization sources allows to control the purity and stability of the precursors and to estimate the NC size and size distribution. These estimations are confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Comparison between SM and TEM results suggests that NC have (i) spherical and (ii) prolate shapes. X-ray diffraction reveals nanoparticle crystalline structure in (i) wurtzite and (ii) zinc blende symmetries. Room temperature optical spectrometry (absorption and photoluminescence - PL) evidences quantum confinement effects by the shift of the excitonic response as a function of the NC size, in the blue-UV spectral range. These results are consistent with the well-known empirical energy-size correspondence. For optoelectronic application purpose, thin film deposition of polymer (PMMA) containing CdS NC is initiated by spin coating. The previous characterization protocol, extended to techniques dedicated to thin film studies, shows that NC maintain their integrity and PL properties after inclusion in PMMA laye

Interface design of perovskite solar cells: application of molecular additives to improve the stability and the performance

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Improving the Activity of Fe/C/N ORR Electrocatalyst Using Double Ammonia Promoted CO2 Laser Pyrolysis

International audienceRecently, we reported the use of CO2 laser pyrolysis for the synthesis of promising Fe/C/N electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) in fuel cells. The setup used single laser pyrolysis of an aerosolized solution of iron acetylacetonate in toluene with ammonia, both as laser energy transfer agent and nitrogen source. In the present paper, we investigate the effect of a second ammonia promoted CO2 laser pyrolysis on the feature and ORR activity of Fe/C/N electrocatalysts. Indeed, compared to single pyrolysis, the second ammonia promoted CO2 laser pyrolysis could be an interesting way to synthesize in one-step performing ORR electrocatalysts on a large scale. For this comparison, a two-stage reactor was built, allowing both single ammonia-induced CO2 laser pyrolysis as reported previously or double ammonia-induced CO2 laser pyrolysis. In the latter configuration, the catalyst nanopowder flow is formed at the first stage of the reactor, then mixed with a second ammonia flow and allowed to cross a second CO2 laser beam, thus undergoing a second ammonia-induced CO2 laser pyrolysis before being collected on filters. It is found that the second ammonia-induced CO2 laser pyrolysis significantly improves the ORR performances of the materials prepared by single CO2 laser pyrolysis. The effect is demonstrated for three different catalysts for which the onset potentials for the ORR from single-stage to double-stage configuration increase from 625 mV to 845 mV, 790 mV to 860 mV, and 800 mV to 885 mV, respectively. The selectivity of the ORR was determined at 600 mV/SHE and lie between 3.41 and 3.72. These promising performances suggesting potentialities for the one-step formation of highly active Fe/C/N ORR electrocatalysts are discussed, based on results of surface analysis by XPS, specific surface area measurements, and Raman spectroscopy

XPS chemical state mapping in opto- and microelectronics

The strength of XPS imaging lies in its ability to (i) locate small patterns on sample surface, and (ii) inform, with micrometric lateral resolution, about the chemical environment of the elements detected at the surface. In this context, strontium-based perovskites appear to be well-adapted for such photoemission experiments thanks to their tunability and variability. These functional oxides have great potential for emerging optoand microelectronic applications, especially for transparent conductive oxide. Patterned heterostructure SrTiO3/SrVO3 was grown by pulsed laser deposition using a shadow mask. This stack was then analysed by XPS mapping in serial acquisition mode. Ti2p and V2p core level imaging clearly highlights the SrTiO3 and SrVO3 domains. The XPS mapping of the Sr3d core level will be extensively discussed: strontium being a common element to both oxides with a very similar chemical environment. Despite a lower contrast in Sr3d images, the two materials are discernible thanks to the topography. In addtion, the use of Sr3d FWHM image is a real asset to evidence the two phases. Finally, data processing by principal component analysis allows us to extract significant spectral information on the strontium atoms

Interface design of perovskite solar cells: application of molecular additives to improve thestability and the performance

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ALD of niobium oxide (Nb2O5) for applications in solar cells

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SrVO3 films grown by PLD : A fine physico-chemical study

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Interface design of perovskite solar cells: application of molecular additives to improve the stability and the performance

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