Public deliberation in Russia: deliberative quality, rationality and interactivity of the online media discussions

Deliberation research is now undergoing two emerging trends: deliberation is shifting from offline to online, as well as from an inherently democratic concept to the one applicable to less competitive regimes (He & Warren, 2011). The goal of this article is to study the peculiarities of deliberative practices in hybrid regimes, taking online discourse on the Russian anti-sanctions policy as a case. We use the Habermasian concept of basic validity claims to assess deliberation quality through the lens of argumentation and interactivity. Our findings suggest that deliberative practices can exist in non-competitive contexts and non-institutionalized digital spaces, in the form of intersubjective solidarities resulting from the everyday political talk among ordinary citizens. Such deliberations can be counted as argumentative discourses, although in a special, casual way - unlike the procedural rule-based debates. Generally, as in established liberal democracies, deliberation in Russia tends to attract like-minded participants. While the argumentative quality does not seem to vary across the discussion threads sample, the level of deliberative interactivity is higher on pro-government media, accompanied with the higher level of incivility. On the other hand, discourses on independent media are distinctively against the government policy of food destruction. The democratic value of such deliberations is unclear and might depend on the political allegiance and ownership of the media. Though some discourses can be considered democratic, their impact on decision-making remains minimal, which is a key constraint of deliberation

Online Content Impact on Young People's Values Transformation

The investigation that underpins the present article interprets the gaps of the social data continuum. It is designed to select a set of images from the “media noise” of the information society, and then describe those that characterize the visual conceptualization of the ideas. The authors present the results of their 14-year research based on  the original research methodology, and carried out in several stages (2006, 2012, 2017). The study is called “Fictional creatures of the mass media era. Russia, 21 century”. In 2017, it is assumed that the overall youth international value agenda, an essential feature of which is the further reduction of the impact of advertising and brand communications, has been formed. Specific data are given in the article

From Uncle Sam to Just Trump: A Long Way of Alternating Irony-hate-ambivalence among Russian Users-Students Regarding Politicians

The paper is discusses the role of emotionally significant political images in youth culture. The study covers the period between 2006 and 2017 during which Russia saw not only a political and economic transition but also dramatic changes in communication technology. The 6-stage research included two waves of testing in 2006, 2012, 2017. Respondents were aged 17 to 24 years old. In 2017 the general youth international value agenda can be consid-ered formed, with its essential feature being the further reduction of the influ-ence of advertising and communication of politicians ' brands.

Low Civility and High Incivility in Russian Online Deliberation : A Case of Political Talk in Vkontakte Social Network

One of the most studied fields in deliberative research is (in)civility in Internet-based political discussions on issues of common concern. Uncivil behaviour demonstrated by participants in online communication has various forms and negative effects on the process and outcomes of e-deliberation as well as on deliberators’ reactions and attitudes, which have been predominantly investigated in Western democracies. However, this issue has been poorly covered in the countries with less stable democratic traditions and values. This paper explores speech culture with a focus on civility and incivility in Russian political conversations conducted on Russian social media. The authors analyse mass-scale web political discussions on a polarising issue of the court sentence of the politician Alexei Navalny (2021), taking one of the most popular Russian social networks VKontakte. For this study, scholars use discourse analysis based on the works on deliberative democracy proposed by J. Habermas (1996). They conclude that Russian political speech regarding Navalny’s sentence and conducted on the VKontakte social media platform can be characterised by a great extent of uncivil speech unbalanced by a low extent of civil speech. The conversations are not oriented towards mutual recognition or reaching a consensus, as participants are often distracted from the main issue being discussed, and turn to interpersonal topics instead

About the Directions of Improvement of Mechanisms of the Strategic Planning and the Territory Development Monitoring

The article justifies the necessity of improvement of mechanisms the strategic planning and the territory development monitoring in the circumstances of the actual legislation in this sphere (Federal Law «About the strategic planning in Russian Federation»). The article analyses the possible directions of the improvement of the actual regulation. It is mentioned that the strategic planning and monitoring are the related processes and they demand complex approach to their elaboration. The formalisation of the system of development goals, the creation of the model of the evaluation of the conditions and limitation of territory development, the creation and/or adaptation of the existing analytical instruments of the strategic decision making and the methodical recommendations for its application are mentioned as the main directions of the improvement of the mechanisms of the strategic planning and the territory development. The authors indicate the actual research directions in the field of strategic planning and territory development monitoring and its perspectives for the public administration education

Distribution of economic damages due to climate-driven sea-level rise across European regions and sectors

Economic costs of climate change are conventionally assessed at the aggregated global and national levels, while adaptation is local. When present, regionalised assessments are confined to direct damages, hindered by both data and models’ limitations. This article goes beyond the aggregated analysis to explore direct and indirect economic consequences of sea level rise (SLR) at regional and sectoral levels in Europe. Using a dynamic computable general equilibrium model and novel datasets, we estimate the distribution of losses and gains across regions and sectors. A comparison of a high-end scenario against a no-climate-impact baseline suggests a GDP loss of 1.26% (€871.8 billion) for the whole EU&UK. Conversely our refined assessments show that some coastal regions lose 9.56–20.84% of GDP, revealing striking regional disparities. Inland regions grow due to the displaced demand from coastal areas, but the GDP gains are small (0–1.13%). While recovery benefits the construction sector, public services and industry face significant downturns. We show that prioritising recovery of critical sectors locally reduces massive regional GDP losses, at negligible costs to the overall European economy. Our analysis traces regional economic restructuring triggered by SLR, underscoring the necessity of region-specific adaptation policies that embrace uneven geographic impacts and unique sectoral profiles to inform resilient strategy design

Cultural evolution of killer whale calls: background, mechanisms and consequences

Cultural evolution is a powerful process shaping behavioural phenotypes of many species including our own. Killer whales are one of the species with relatively well-studied vocal culture. Pods have distinct dialects comprising a mix of unique and shared call types; calves adopt the call repertoire of their matriline through social learning. We review different aspects of killer whale acoustic communication to provide insights into the cultural transmission and gene-culture co- evolution processes that produce the extreme diversity of group and population repertoires. We argue that the cultural evolution of killer whale calls is not a random process driven by steady error accumulation alone: temporal change occurs at different speeds in different components of killer whale repertoires, and constraints in call structure and horizontal transmission often degrade the phylogenetic signal. We discuss the implications from bird song and human linguistic studies, and propose several hypotheses of killer whale dialect evolution

Icelandic herring-eating killer whales feed at night

This study was funded by an Icelandic Research Fund (i. Rannsóknasjóður, grant number 120248042) supported by a Marie Curie Fellowship.Herring-eating killer whales debilitate herring with underwater tail slaps and likely herd herring into tighter schools using a feeding-specific low-frequency pulsed call (‘herding’ call). Feeding on herring may be dependent upon daylight, as the whales use their white underside to help herd herring; however, feeding at night has not been investigated. The production of feeding-specific sounds provides an opportunity to use passive acoustic monitoring to investigate feeding behaviour at different times of day. We compared the acoustic behaviour of killer whales between day and night, using an autonomous recorder deployed in Iceland during winter. Based upon acoustic detection of underwater tail slaps used to feed upon herring we found that killer whales fed both at night and day: they spent 50% of their time at night and 73% of daytime feeding. Interestingly, there was a significant diel variation in acoustic behaviour. Herding calls were significantly associated with underwater tail slap rate and were recorded significantly more often at night, suggesting that in low-light conditions killer whales rely more on acoustics to herd herring. Communicative sounds were also related to underwater tail slap rate and produced at different rates during day and night. The capability to adapt feeding behaviour to different light conditions may be particularly relevant for predator species occurring in high latitudes during winter, when light availability is limited.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Physical constraints of cultural evolution of dialects in killer whales

Data collection was supported by a variety of organizations, including the Russian Fund for the Fundamental Research (Grant No. 15-04-05540), the Rufford Small Grants Fund, Whale and Dolphin Conservation, the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Grant No. SFRH/BD/30303/2006), Russell Trust Award of the University of St. Andrews, the Office of Naval Research, the Icelandic Research Fund (i. Rannsóknasjóður), the National Geographic Society Science and Exploration Europe (Grant No. GEFNE65-12), Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre, the Canadian Ministry of Fisheries and Oceans, and the North Gulf Oceanic Society.Odontocete sounds are produced by two pairs of phonic lips situated in soft nares below the blowhole; the right pair is larger and is more likely to produce clicks, while the left pair is more likely to produce whistles. This has important implications for the cultural evolution of delphinid sounds: the greater the physical constraints, the greater the probability of random convergence. In this paper the authors examine the call structure of eight killer whale populations to identify structural constraints and to determine if they are consistent among all populations. Constraints were especially pronounced in two-voiced calls. In the calls of all eight populations, the lower component of two-voiced (biphonic) calls was typically centered below 4 kHz, while the upper component was typically above that value. The lower component of two-voiced calls had a narrower frequency range than single-voiced calls in all populations. This may be because some single-voiced calls are homologous to the lower component, while others are homologous to the higher component of two-voiced calls. Physical constraints on the call structure reduce the possible variation and increase the probability of random convergence, producing similar calls in different populations.PostprintPeer reviewe

Crowd intelligence can discern between repertoires of killer whale ecotypes

This study was funded by the Russian Fund for the Fundamental Research (grant No. 18-04-00462).Call classifications by human observers are often subjective yet they are critical to studies of animal communication, because only the categories that are relevant for the animals themselves actually make sense in terms of correlation to the context. In this paper we test whether independent observers can correctly detect differences and similarities in killer whale repertoires. We used repertoires with different a priori levels of similarity: from different ecotypes, from different oceans, from different populations within the same ocean, and from different local subpopulations of the same population. Calls from nine killer whale populations/subpopulations were pooled into a joint sample set, and eight independent observers were asked to classify the calls into separate categories. None of the observers’ classifications strongly followed the known phylogeny of the analyzed repertoires. However, some phylogenetic relationships were reflected in the classifications substantially better than others. Most observers correctly separated the calls from two North Pacific ecotypes. Call classifications averaged across multiple observers reflected the known repertoire phylogenies better than individual classifications, and revealed the similarity of repertoires at the level of subpopulations within the same population, or closely related populations.PostprintPeer reviewe