The Treatment of Unfair Terms in the Process of Foreclosure in Spain. Mortgage Enforcement Proceedings in the Aftermath of the ECJ's 'Ruling of the Evicted'

This article highlights the impact of the Aziz Ruling on Spanish legislation and judicial practice one year after it was delivered. Changes to formally adapt Spanish legislation to the doctrine of the Aziz Ruling have taken place through Act 1/2013. However, it is especially noteworthy that the judicial branch has sought to use the Aziz Ruling to bring about a deep reform of the system, applying de facto solutions without pre-existing legal norms, proposing progressive and ethical interpretations according to the doctrine established by the ECJ, and referring preliminary questions to the ECJ to counter new Spanish legislation.Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht die tatsächliche Bedeutung für die gesetzgeberische und richterliche Praxis der Entscheidung Aziz ein Jahr nach ihrem Erlass. Die formelle Anpassung des spanischen Rechts an die Anforderungen, die aus diesem Urteil entstammen, erfolgte mit Gesetz 1/2013. Gleichwohl muss besonders gewürdigt werden, dass die Richterschaft sich bemüht hat, anhand der Aziz-Rechtsprechung eine grundlegende Änderung des Systems durchzuführen, sei es durch die Anwendung von de facto-Lösungen oder durch den Vorschlag von fortschrittlichen und ethischen Lösungen auf Grundlage der vom EuGH etablierten Doktrin. Auch wurden dem EuGH zahlreiche Vorlagefragen gestellt, die die Unionsrechtskonformität der neuen spanischen Rechtsakte betreffen

Challenges for the Implementation of the Consumer ADR Directive in Spain

The aim of the chapter is to analyse the challenges that the Spanish legislation will have to overcome in order to adapt to the new European Law on CADR. Spain counts with a long way experience in CADR consisting both in public and private ADR entities. In the public field the main role belongs to arbitration (the SCAS) and mediation (the OMICs), extended over the whole geography. Apparently this situation puts Spanish legislation in a good starting point for the adaptation. A closer look reveals, however, that every territorial entity (both CAB and OMICs) does not depart from the same position in order to reach the fulfilling of the European standards. Its decentralized character could orientate solutions towards a deep reform of the system to make it possible for every single entity (OMIC or CAB) to obtain its own accreditation. The legislator seems also willing to increase the role of private ADR, and also Ombudsmen paid directly by the trader, but only to some extent. This position counts today with the objection of many of the stakeholders. The Draft also leaves many questions waiting for answers by the future legislation. The chapter highlights some of the decisions the Spanish legislator should take when adapting the CADR system to the new European law

Scrutinizing Access to Justice in Consumer ODR in Cross-Border Disputes. The Achilles’ Heel of the EU ODR Platform

This article has the aim of shedding light on some elements that shape the EU ODR Platform regime. The ADR Directive and ODR Regulation are called to improve access to justice in the EU. The EU ODR Platform is only a first step in the development of ODR in Europe, far from reaching its destination. However, it is true that EU law has shown some limitations, and a great part of the task is left in the hands of the member states and the ADR entities, as well as the rest of the stakeholders

The Private international law Regime of Alternative and Online Cross-Border Consumer Dispute Resolution after the new European Legal Frame and the Spanish Act 7/2017

The new European law on alternative and online resolution of consumer disputes represents a regulation which is unprecedented in Europe and pioneer at the global level establishing an institutional framework which favours the online resolution of consumer disputes. In the review that has been carried out, we have detected shortcomings in existing private international law solutions in order to ensure the application of Art. 10 CDR Directive in all its spatial application scope, for which it is necessary to give the rank of overriding mandatory provision to Art. 15 SATD. We have indicated the urge to overrule, in order to ensure the functioning of the European platform, the interpretation according to which the submission to a foreign consumer arbitration is not compatible with public policy. The new regime has also caused the surfacing of some regulatory gaps that must be filled in, such as the one regarding the determination of the applicable law to the obligation to participate in proceedings before entities or to determine the non-binding nature of the consumer mediation agreement

Sistemas de Inteligencia Web basados en redes sociales

El Análisis de las Redes Sociales (ARS) es un área que está emergiendo como imprescindible en los procesos de toma de decisiones. Su capacidad para analizar e intervenir una red social puede ser aprovechada para implantar tareas de vigilancia en los sistemas de inteligencia de un centro de investigación o una empresa de base tecnológica. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una propuesta para diseñar sistemas de inteligencia web basados en redes sociales. El primer obstáculo para implantar un sistema de estas características es el proceso de recolección de datos. Con objeto de resolver este problema se presenta una metodología para extraer redes sociales. El proceso de extracción se realiza analizando los resultados ofrecidos por los motores de búsqueda. Las consultas realizadas a los motores son construidas en base a direcciones de correo electrónico. A través de la red de extraída también se analiza su distribución espacial, el impacto global de una temática y las relaciones institucionales subyacentes. Como ejemplo concreto se analiza la estructura social de la comunidad que forma la lista de distribución REDES.Social Network Analysis (SNA) is an emerging area, essential in decision making processes. Its capacities to analyze and intervene in a social network can be used to implant surveillance tasks in research centers or technological-based businesses. The aim of this work is to make a proposal to design intelligence web systems based on social networks. The first obstacle to implant these systems is the data gather process. In order to solve this problem, an extracting social networks methodology is presented. The extraction process is carried out by analyzing the search engine results. Queries are based on electronic mails. From the extracted network, its spatial distribution of social relationships, the global thematic impact and the institutional relationships are also analyzed. The social structure of REDES email distribution list is analyzed as an example

Building a global redress system for low-value cross-border disputes

This article examines UNCITRAL's draft Rules for Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) and argues that in low-value e-commerce cross-border transactions, the most effective consumer protection policy cannot be based on national laws and domestic courts, but on effective and monitored ODR processes with swift out-of-court enforceable decisions. The draft Rules propose a tiered procedure that culminates in arbitration. Yet, this procedure neither ensures out-of-court enforcement, nor does it guarantee compliance with EU consumer mandatory law. Accordingly, this article argues that the draft Rules may be inconsistent with the European approach to consumer protection

A note on frequent hypercyclicity of operators that λ -commute with the differentiation operator

A continuous linear operator on a Fréchet space X is frequently hypercyclic if there exists a vector x such that for any nonempty open subset U⊂ X the set of n∈ N∪ { 0 } for which Tnx∈ U has a positive lower density. Here we determine when an operator that commutes up to a factor with the differentiation operator D, defined on the space of entire functions, is frequently hypercyclic

Multi-bit cascade ΣΔ modulator for high-speed A/D conversion with reduced sensitivity to DAC errors

This paper presents a ΣΔ modulator (ΣΔM) which combines single-bit and multi-bit quantization in a cascade architecture to obtain high resolution with low oversampling ratio. It is less sensitive to the non-linearity of the DAC than those previously reported, thus enabling the use of very simple analog circuitry with neither calibration nor trimming required.Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología TIC97-058

Comparative study of different methods for determining moisture in differents food matrices

The determination of moisture in food is a very important process because the moisture content affects the processing capacity, the shelf life, and the quality of the product. Therefore, moisture content determination plays a key role in ensuring quality in many industries, such as food, pharmaceutical and chemical.The objective of this study was to evaluate the differences between the internal method used in Laboratorios Vital and different external methods of the Official Association of Analytical Chemists (AOAC) or the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). External methods evaluated were: ISO 662:2016, ISO 3727-1:2001, ISO 665:2001, AOAC 984.25, AOAC 931.04, AOAC 926.08, AOAC 968.11, AOAC 934.01, AOAC 941.08, AOAC 925,45C, ISO 5537:2004, ISO 579:2013 and AOAC 934.06. By means of this study, what is intended is to demonstrate the validity of the internal method being that each external method of the AOAC or ISO has associated the use of a specific temperature and time which would require more time to perform the moisture determination.To carry out this study, 12 different food matrices were introduced in a Dinko D60D stove: butter, oil seeds, frozen chips, chocolate, cheese, roasted coffee, tea, ice cream, honey, milk powder, coke and dried fruit.Moisture analysis were performed for 5 non-consecutive days and every day 2 replicates of each food matrix were analyzed.After carrying out the different tests, the results were compared and it was observed that there were no significant differences in the determination of the percentage of moisture. This allows to confirm that the internal method used by the company is reliable for the determination of this parameter, which has clear economic advantages for the analytical laboratory that reduces the time of delivery of data to customers by almost a week