Basic Empathy: Developing the Concept of Empathy from the Ground Up

Empathy is a topic of continuous debate in the nursing literature. Many argue that empathy is indispensable to effective nursing practice. Yet others argue that nurses should rather rely on sympathy, compassion, or consolation. However, a more troubling disagreement underlies these debates: There’s no consensus on how to define empathy. This lack of consensus is the primary obstacle to a constructive debate over the role and import of empathy in nursing practice. The solution to this problem seems obvious: Nurses need to reach a consensus on the meaning and definition of empathy. But this is easier said than done. Concept analyses, for instance, reveal a profound ambiguity and heterogeneity of the concept of empathy across the nursing literature. Since the term “empathy” is used to refer to a range of perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral phenomena, the presence of a conceptual ambiguity and heterogeneity is hardly surprising. Our proposal is simple. To move forward, we need to return to the basics. We should develop the concept from the ground up. That is, we should begin by identifying and describing the most fundamental form of empathic experience. Once we identify the most fundamental form of empathy, we will be able to distinguish among the more derivative experiences and behaviors that are addressed by the same name and, ideally, determine the place of these phenomena in the field of nursing. The aim of this article is, consequently, to lay the groundwork for a more coherent concept of empathy and thereby for a more fruitful debate over the role of empathy in nursing. In Part 1, we outline the history of the concept of empathy within nursing, explain why nurses are sometimes warry of adapting concepts from other disciplines, and argue that nurses should distinguish between adapting concepts from applied disciplines and from more theoretical disciplines. In Part 2, we show that the distinction between emotional and cognitive empathy—borrowed from theoretical psychology—has been a major factor in nurses’ negative attitudes toward emotional empathy. We argue, however, that both concepts fail to capture the most fundamental form of empathy. In Part 3, we draw on and present some of the seminal studies of empathy that can be found in the work of phenomenological philosophers including Max Scheler, Edmund Husserl, and Edith Stein. In Part 4, we outline how their understanding of empathy may facilitate current debates about empathy’s role in nursing

Pemarkah tanmaujud dalam sistem ketakrifan bahasa Indonesia (Zero Marker of Definiteness in Indonesian)

Viewed from the way the message is sent, nouns (or NPs) contain some kind of packaging which determines their status. NPs may have status as given or new, as a focus of contrast, as definite or indefinite, as the subject of its sentence, as the topic, and as a point of view. NPs status as definite or indefinite being discussed has a close relationship with its status as given or new, since a given NP is obligatorily a definite NP (although a new NP is not always an indefinite one). In languages such as English and French, definiteness is formally marked by (definite/indefinite) articles, namely the and a (exceptionally for English generic and plural indefinite NPs). In Indonesian, since its articles (si, sang, etc.) behave differently, definiteness is showed by some markers: definite markers after the NP (-nya, itu, ini, tersebut, tadi, and the structure with yang) and indefinite markers before the NP (seorang, sebuah, beberapa). Nevertheless, those markers are not strictly usednot alt NPs in Indonesian must be followed or preceeded by a marker. The data being researched shows that there are three kinds of markers, namely obligatory, forbidden, and optional. Those three posibilities will give, on the one hand, some particular aspects in the system of definiteness in Indonesian. On the other hand, since many NPs in the data lack formal markers, it is assumed that there is still another phenomena which has to be studied in order to have a deeper understanding about that zero marker. And that lack of marker is the so-called zero marker. In the field of definiteness, that zero marker is considered as a characteristics of Indonesian. This research, then, will be focused on NPs having a zero marker in the data And to identify that kind of marker one has to move back to the essence of definiteness, that is the unique identity of reference in the discourse.. Key words: definiteness -- zero marker -- the unique identity of referenc

Household Mixed Plastic Waste Derived Adsorbents for CO2 Capture : A Feasibility Study

Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund), Nigeria, for funding the Doctoral programme of Emmanuel Dan at the University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom. Dr Claudia Fernández Martín thanks the Development Trust, Grant 1155, awarded for the acquisition of the microwave apparatus FlexiWave from Milestone used for this study. Also, authors thank the electrical/electronic workshop, University of Aberdeen, UK for supplying the electrical equipment for the energy measurement. For open access, the author has applied a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission.Peer reviewe

A critical review of online battery remaining useful lifetime prediction methods.

Lithium-ion batteries play an important role in our daily lives. The prediction of the remaining service life of lithium-ion batteries has become an important issue. This article reviews the methods for predicting the remaining service life of lithium-ion batteries from three aspects: machine learning, adaptive filtering, and random processes. The purpose of this study is to review, classify and compare different methods proposed in the literature to predict the remaining service life of lithium-ion batteries. This article first summarizes and classifies various methods for predicting the remaining service life of lithium-ion batteries that have been proposed in recent years. On this basis, by selecting specific criteria to evaluate and compare the accuracy of different models, find the most suitable method. Finally, summarize the development of various methods. According to the research in this article, the average accuracy of machine learning is 32.02% higher than the average of the other two methods, and the prediction cycle is 9.87% shorter than the average of the other two methods

Towards low-cost and sustainable activated carbon production : influence of microwave activation time on yield and CO2 uptake of PET-derived adsorbents

The authors would like to thank the Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund), Nigeria, for funding the Doctoral programme of Emmanuel Dan at the University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom. Dr Claudia Fernández Martín acknowledges the Development Trust for the Grant 1155 awarded for the acquisition of the microwave instrument, FlexiWave from Milestone. For open access, the author has applied a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission.Peer reviewe

A general approach for robust integrated polarization rotators

Integrated polarization rotators suffer from very high sensitivity to fabrication errors. A polarization rotator scheme that substantially increases fabrication tolerances is proposed. In the proposed scheme, two tunable polarization phase shifters are used to connect three rotator waveguide sections. By means of properly setting the polarization phase shifters, fabrication errors are compensated and perfect polarization rotation is achieved. Analytical conditions are shown that determine the maximum deviation that can be corrected with the proposed scheme. A design example is discussed, where the thermo-optic effect is used to provide the required tunable polarization phase shifting. Calculated 40dB extinction ratio is shown in presence of fabrication errors that would yield a 4dB extinction ratio in the conventional approach. © (2013) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.The authors want to aknowledge Universidad de Málaga alaga, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucia Tech for their support

Automatic design of high-performance fiber-chip surface grating couplers based on Floquet-Bloch mode analysis

We propose a new strategy to automatically design highly efficient fiber-chip surface grating couplers. High performance designs are achieved with a substantially reduced computational cost by combining Floquet-Bloch mode analysis with a multi-objective optimization technique (genetic algorithms)