Microwave Assisted Rapid Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, and Antimicrobial Significance of New Derivative of 1,4 Dihydropyridines

An efficient one-pot three-component synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives were synthesized by a Hantzsch reaction of dehydroacetic acid with benzaldehyde or furfural by using microwave irradiation technique in basic alumina. The prepared ligands used to yield various complexes with Co(II), Ni(II), Mn(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II). The isolated solid compounds were elucidated by elemental analysis (C, H, N, M, Cl), physical measurements (magnetic susceptibility and molar conductance) and spectroscopy (1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, UV-visible, MS). Also, the synthesized compounds were tested against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Proteus) by disc diffusion method. Keywords: 1,4-dihydropyridine complexes, Microwave, Spectroscopic, Antibacterial activity

New synthetic reactions, involving the use of solids

Directed lithiation and substitution of various N-benzyl pivalamides and various N'-benzyl-N,N-dimethylureas could be achieved using f-BuLi in THF at low temperature followed by reactions with various electrophiles to give ring substitution ortho to the pivaloylaminomethyl side-chain and urea containing group respectively. Trifluoroacetic anhydride induced dehydration of substituted 2-(pivaloylaminomethyl)phenyl- and 2 (dimethylaminocarbonylmethyl)phenylmethanols gives the corresponding isoindolines in excellent yields. Lithiation of 2- and 4-substituted pyridines, namely N-(pyridinylmethyl)pivalamides, N'-(pyridinylmethyl)-N,N-dimethylureas and pyridinylmethyl tert-butylcarbamates, with two mole equivalents of f-BuLi in anhydrous THF at -78 C takes place on the nitrogen and on the methylene group of the side-chain. The lithium reagents thus obtained react with a variety of electrophiles to give the corresponding side-chain substituted derivatives in high yields. While the lithiation and substitution of N-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)pivalamide, N'-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-N,N-dimethylurea and pyridin-3- ylmethyl tert-butylcarbamate with two mole equivalents of alkyllithium in anhydrous THF at -78 C takes place on the nitrogen and on the ortho-position or on the side-chain depending on the type of lithium reagent. Treatment of one of the ring substituted products with trifluoroacetic anhydride in dichloromethane under reflux conditions led to formation of the corresponding 1 H-pyrrolo 3,4-c pyridine. A convenient method for Knoevenagel condensation of aromatic aldehydes with active methylene compounds to synthesize arylidene compounds was developed using inexpensive and environmentally friendly reagents such as K2C03. The method is simple and the conditions are mild to provide high product yields. A boron reaction, which produces an alkyl ester via migration without any by-product, has been developed using HBCI2 on a solid-support

MISE EN PLACE D’UN MODÈLE QUALITATIF POUR LA CARTOGRAPHIE DES ZONES À RISQUE D'ÉROSION HYDRIQUE DANS LA CHAÎNE ATLASIQUE: CAS DU BASSIN VERSANT DE LA TESSAOUTE AMONT. (HAUT ATLAS CENTRAL, MAROC)

The catchment areas of the Atlas chain are threatened by water erosion phenomena that can degrade soil quality and cause siltation of potential dams. The objective of this current study is to develop a methodology using remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). This serves to map areas at risk of water erosion in the watershed upstream Tessaoute (High Atlas of Morocco). In addition to produce potential erosion risk map that can be used as a tool for land planning. To conduct this study, we’ve chosen to apply on our watershed qualitative model, based on the model proposed by the Bissonnais (2002) and amended by Abaoui et al (2005), as it is applied in the region High Atlas by Bachaoui et al (2007) and Maimouni et al (2012). Through this model the sensitivity of land to erosion is assessed from the sum of the features attributed to classes of three parameters: the land, the friability of materials and the degree of slope. The methodology presented is to integrate in a GIS environment, the three main factors controlling the erosion which enables the establishment of a qualitative model for mapping soil sensitivity to water erosion. The potential erosion risk map derived therefrom shows four areas of vulnerability to water erosion: low, medium, high and very high

SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE. BENEFITS AND STRATEGY

Nowadays, the geoscience data have become widely available in different organizations, which play a very important role in decisions-making at different levels (social, economic, political…). However, these organizations use standards, technologies and policies that differ from one to another. Therefore, this information is increasingly being distributed widely and become divorced from their original context or had remained limited to a small scale. Hence, the need for a spatial data infrastructure (SDI) becomes a necessity in order to facilitate the creation, sharing, and access to geospatial data, thus the exchange of knowledge between them, using a minimum set of standard practices, protocols, and specifications. The establishment of a spatial data infrastructure is to create conditions to ensure free access of public authorities, local authorities, organizations and citizens to spatial data. This paper presents a preliminary study of implementation of a spatial data infrastructure. It introduced the SDI developments in USA, Canada and Europe and summarized the relevant benefits

MISE EN PLACE D’UN MODÈLE QUALITATIF POUR LA CARTOGRAPHIE DES ZONES À RISQUE D'ÉROSION HYDRIQUE DANS LA CHAÎNE ATLASIQUE: CAS DU BASSIN VERSANT DE LA TESSAOUTE AMONT. (HAUT ATLAS CENTRAL, MAROC)

The catchment areas of the Atlas chain are threatened by water erosion phenomena that can degrade soil quality and cause siltation of potential dams. The objective of this current study is to develop a methodology using remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). This serves to map areas at risk of water erosion in the watershed upstream Tessaoute (High Atlas of Morocco). In addition to produce potential erosion risk map that can be used as a tool for land planning. To conduct this study, we’ve chosen to apply on our watershed qualitative model, based on the model proposed by the Bissonnais (2002) and amended by Abaoui et al (2005), as it is applied in the region High Atlas by Bachaoui et al (2007) and Maimouni et al (2012). Through this model the sensitivity of land to erosion is assessed from the sum of the features attributed to classes of three parameters: the land, the friability of materials and the degree of slope. The methodology presented is to integrate in a GIS environment, the three main factors controlling the erosion which enables the establishment of a qualitative model for mapping soil sensitivity to water erosion. The potential erosion risk map derived therefrom shows four areas of vulnerability to water erosion: low, medium, high and very high

Disposal Behavior of Used Masks during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Moroccan Community: Potential Environmental Impact

The spread of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) levied on the Moroccan authorities to increase their mask production capacity, which reached up to 12 million facemask units produced per day. This increase in personal protective equipment (PPE) production and consumption is an efficient tool to address the spread of COVID-19. However, this results in more plastic and microplastic debris being added into the land and marine environments, which will harm the ecosystem, wildlife, and public health. Such a situation needs deep individual behavior observation and tracking, as well as an assessment of the potential environmental impact of this new type of waste. For this reason, we assessed the Moroccan population’s behavior regarding the use and disposal of facemasks and gloves. An exploratory survey was prepared and shared via social media and email with the population of Rabat-Salé-Kénitra and Casablanca-Settat regions. Additionally, we calculated the estimated number and weight of daily and weekly PPE used and generated by the studied regions. The survey showed that 70% of the respondents threw their discarded masks and gloves in house trash or trash bins after their first use, whereas nearly 30% of respondents admitted that they did not wear masks because they did not leave their homes during the lockdown, while from the 70% of facemask users, more than five million (equivalent to 40,000 kg) of facemasks would be generated and disposed of daily by the community of these regions, which presents 35% of the total engendered facemask waste in Morocco. Accordingly, the environment impact of facemasks showed that the greenhouse gas footprint is about 640 kT CO2 eq./year for the whole of Morocco, while the energy footprint is around 60,000 GWh/year. Furthermore, an urgent multidisciplinary environmental assessment of the potential impact of PPE must be conducted among the 12 Moroccan regions. This study demonstrated the real impact of the COVID-19 PPE on human behavior and the environment and suggests a need for providing new didactic management of facemasks and gloves