Hypervariability in the Envelope Genes of Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Viruses Obtained from Different Farms in the United States

AbstractAvian leukosis virus, subgroup J (ALV-J), has a wide host range, preferentially infecting meat-type birds, and produces a high incidence of myelocytomatosis and nephromas. Using the published sequences from HPRS-103 (ALV-J isolated in 1989 in Great Britain), we designed a set of PCR primers that amplified proviral DNA from nine U.S. field samples. The primers were specific for ALV-J, not amplifying DNA from uninfected cells or cells infected with ALV subgroups A–E. These primers expanded a 2.4-kb fragment that encompasses gp85, gp37, the E element, and most of the 3′ LTR. We also developed a set of PCR primers that amplified a 2.1-kb fragment from ALV-J-infected cells and a 1.6-kb fragment from uninfected ev− chicken embryo fibroblasts (Line 0). Upon cloning and DNA sequencing, we determined that the 2.1- and 1.6-kb fragments contained ALV-J gp85- and gp37-like sequences. Comparison of the amino acid sequences demonstrated that the Line 0 sequences were 97.5% identical with the gp85 and gp37 of HPRS-103 and somewhat less identical with the other nine U.S. isolates. This suggests that the envelope genes of ALV-J may have arisen as a result of a recombination event between exogenous ALV and Line 0-like sequences in the chicken. Phylogenetic analysis also showed that the U.S. field isolates were closely related to one another and more distantly related to the European HPRS-103. The pattern of mutations in the U.S. field isolates suggests that the U.S. strains are slowly drifting away from their progenitor Line 0-like sequences. The development of effective vaccines and diagnostic tests is likely to become more problematic as the viruses continue to mutate

UPAYA PERLINDUNGAN ANAK BERKONFLIK HUKUM DI UPT DINAS SOSIAL PANTI PELAYANAN SOSIAL ANAK MANDIRI KOTA SEMARANG

Upaya perlindungan hukum terhadap anak berkonflik hukum tidak hanya dilakukan oleh lembaga yang khusus di bidang hukum. Lembaga sosial turut memberikan andil dalam melindungi anak berkonflik hukum melalui Program Rehabilitasi Sosial dan pendekatan aspek sosial. Penelitian pelaksanaan perlindungan hukum terhadap anak berkonflik hukum oleh lembaga sosial dilaksanakan di UPT Dinas Sosial Panti Pelayanan Sosial Anak Mandiri Kota Semarang dengan menggunakan metode pendekatan yuridis empiris. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Pertama, pelaksanaan perlindungan anak berkonflik hukum dilaksanakan melalui Program Rehabilitasi Sosial dan pendekatan aspek sosial. Kedua, hambatan yang dihadapi yaitu berasal dari diri Penerima Manfaat sendiri seperti kurangnya motivasi dalam diri Penerima Manfaat, kurangnya jumlah pekerja sosial sebagai petugas teknis lapangan, kurangnya koordinasi antar pihak yang mengakibatkan terganggunya pelaksanaan perlindungan anak berkonflik hukum di UPT Dinas Sosial Panti Pelayanan Sosial Anak Mandiri Semarang. Hambatan lainnya yaitu pelaksanaan rehabilitasi sosial belum dilaksanakan secara efisien dan terpadu

Silica, alumina and aluminosilicates as solid stationary phases in gas chromatography

Silica, alumina and Aluminosilicates of different Si/Al ratios were prepared by conventional precipitation or co-precipitation methods and then subjected to thermal treatment at 800 °C. The parent and thermally treated materials were characterized by means of FTIR, SEM and thermal analysis (DTA and TGA) in order to elucidate the main structural properties. Surface textural characteristics were investigated by means of nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms at −196 °C. Pore size distribution curves indicated the presence of mesopores (10–150 Å) exhibiting maxima at 35 Å. The maxima were shifted toward higher values by increasing the alumina content. Thermodynamic parameters, ΔH, ΔG and ΔS, were determined by means of inverse gas chromatography using n-hexane as a probe. The untreated and thermally treated materials were tested as solid stationary phases in gas chromatography. The separation efficiency of various non polar and polar compounds was explained in terms of surface texture and thermodynamic parameters