Effects of replacing canola meal with camelina expeller on intake, total tract digestibility, and feeding behavior of beef heifers fed high-concentrate diets

To assess the effect of inclusion of camelina expeller in beef cattle diets, 24 Simmental heifers were used. Two experiments were carried out. In the first, two free-choice tests, one without and another with molasses, were conducted to know the preference of animals for a total mixed ration (TMR) made with a 90 to 10 concentrate to barley straw ratio, where canola meal (CM) or camelina expeller (CE) was used in the concentrate as a protein source. Heifers were allotted in four pens with two independent feedbunks, one for each diet. In the second, a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design was used to assess the effects of the replacement of CM with CE on intake, digestibility, and sorting and animal behavior. The experiment was performed in four 28-d periods during which groups of three animals were allotted in each pen of 12.5 m 2. Diets were formulated with a 90 to 10 concentrate to barley straw ratio and fed as TMR, and they were designed to contain 1) CM as main protein source and 0% of CE (0CE), 2) 3% of CE replacing CM (3CE), 3) 6% of CE replacing CM (6CE), and 4) 9% of CE replacing CM (9CE). In the free-choice test without molasses, heifers showed a greater preference for CM than for CE (38.6 vs. 8.7 kg/d; P 0.10), and there was no effect of this replacement on DM, OM, CP, and NDF apparent digestibility (P > 0.10). Intake of long particle size increased lineally as CE proportion increased (P = 0.015). In addition, extension of sorting behavior for long particle size tended to increase lineally (P = 0.07), and sorting against this particle size was detected in 0CE and 3CE, but not in 6CE and 9CE (P < 0.05). However, the results recorded for long particle size intake and for sorting behavior against these particles did not translate into more time spent ruminating in heifers fed diets with higher proportion of CE. In conclusion, when canola meal was replaced with camelina expeller at more than 14% of inclusion, heifers preferred the canola meal diet. However, replacing canola meal with camelina expeller up to 9% of inclusion in diets for beef cattle did not affect intake and digestibility but promoted a greater intake of long particle size of barley straw

FATORES RELACIONADOS AO RENDIMENTO DE CARCAÇA DE NOVILHOS OU NOVILHAS SUPERJOVENS, TERMINADOS EM PASTAGEM CULTIVADA

Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os fatores corporais envolvidos na variação do rendimento de carcaça em machos castrados ou fêmeas não prenhes, abatidos aos quatorze meses de idade. Os animais foram terminados com suplementação energética sobre pastagem cultivada. Utilizaram-se doze animais de cada sexo, mestiços Nelore (3/8) x Hereford (5/8), contemporâneos do mesmo rebanho. Os pesos de fazenda, de frigorífico e de carcaça quente foram superiores nos machos, sendo de 365,8; 350,4 e 203,4 kg, respectivamente, enquanto as fêmeas apresentaram 310,3; 294,5; e 168,6 kg, citados na mesma ordem. Bovinos machos também apresentaram maiores rendimentos de carcaça quente em relação ao peso de fazenda (55,6 vs 54,4%) e em relação ao peso de frigorífico (58,1 vs 57,2%) do que as fêmeas. O menor rendimento de carcaça das fêmeas deveu-se ao maior percentual de couro (9,03 vs 7,96%), gordura inguinal, junto ao úbere das fêmeas ou à capadura dos machos (1,02 vs 0,67%), trato digestivo cheio (19,35% vs 16,84%), rúmen mais retículo vazios (2,34 vs 1,91%) e intestino vazio (2,54% vs 2,11%). Não houve diferença significativa entre sexos nos percentuais de coração, fígado, pulmões, rins e baço, sendo, respectivamente, 0,40%, 0,93%, 1,01%, 0,22% e 0,35% nos machos e 0,41%, 0,98%, 1,02%, 0,22% e 0,30% nas fêmeas, citados na mesma ordem. PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Braford, couro, órgãos, rúmen, sexo

Effect of exogenous emulsifier and different fat sources on the performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, and serum lipid profile of broiler chickens

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of an emulsifier on reduced-energy diets using two fat sources for broilers. The study was designed as a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. The first factor was 2 fat sources (poultry fat or beef tallow). The second factor was a basal diet with the recommended energy levels, a diet with a 0.83 MJ/kg of energy reduction, and a diet with an energy reduction and inclusion of 1 g emulsifier/kg of diet. The emulsifier used in this study was composed of soy lecithin and polyethylene glycol ricinoleate. The emulsifier increased apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) in beef tallow diets compared to energy-reduced diets (P&lt;0.001). Broilers fed poultry fat had higher weights and weight gains at 35 and 42 d of age (p=0.001), and they had higher daily deposition of fat in the carcass (P = 0.025) when compared to diets with beef tallow. The inclusion of emulsifiers in broiler diets improves AME and AMEn but did not affect the energy reduction diets, whichresulted in reduced performance, decreasing daily fat deposition, but without effects on serum lipid profile in broilers.Um estudo foi conduzido para avaliar o efeito de um emulsificante em dietas com baixo teor de energia usando duas fontes de gordura para frangos de corte. O estudo foi delineado em arranjo fatorial 2 x 3 de tratamentos, o primeiro fator foi 2 fontes de gordura (gordura de frango ou sebo bovino) e o segundo fator uma dieta basal com os níveis de energia recomendados, uma dieta com 0,83 MJ / kg de redução de energia e uma dieta com redução de energia e inclusão de 1 g de emulsionante / kg de dieta (composto de lecitina de soja e ricinoleato de polietilenoglicol). O emulsificante aumentou a energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e a energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para o balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) em dietas com sebo bovino em comparação com dietas com redução de energia (P &lt;0,001). Frangos de corte alimentados com gordura de frango apresentam maiores pesos e ganhos de peso aos 35 e 42 dias de idade (p=0,001), e maior deposição diária de gordura na carcaça (P=0,025) quando comparados às dietas com sebo bovino. O emulsificante incluído nas dietas de frangos de corte melhora a EMA e EMAn, mas não supre a redução energética, causando efeitos negativos no desempenho, diminuindo a deposição diária de gordura, mas sem efeitos no perfil lipídico sérico em frangos de corte

Hormonal induction of ovulation and early weaning in postpartum fertility of homozigous and heterozigous beef cows for the microsatellite BMS3004

O objetivo deste experimento foi comparar a eficiência de um programa hormonal associado ao desmame temporário por 96 horas na indução do estro e ovulação com o desmame definitivo aos 60 dias em vacas de corte. Foram utilizadas 183 vacas de corte amamentando, das raças Charolês (C), Nelore (N) e suas cruzas recíprocas, as quais foram genotipadas como homozigotas (HOM) ou heterozigotas (HET) para o microssatélite (STR) BMS3004, que está localizado no mesmo cromossomo do gene da cadeia do LH. Entre 60 e 80 dias pós-parto (dia 0), as vacas foram distribuídas em dois grupos. No grupo indução hormonal (IH), as vacas (n=87) receberam (dia 0) 250 mg de acetato de medroxiprogesterona por 8 dias, 2,5 mg de benzoato de estradiol (dia 1) e 500 UI de gonadotrofina coriônica eqüina (dia 7). No dia 8, os bezerros foram desmamados por 96 horas. No mesmo dia (dia 8), as vacas (n=96) do outro grupo apenas foram submetidas ao desmame definitivo (grupo DP). Após, procedeu-se 4 dias de inseminação artificial (IA) e, passado esse período, foram entouradas. O primeiro diagnóstico de gestação (DG) foi realizado 60 dias após o período de IA e, o segundo, 60 dias após o final do entoure. As taxas de estro foram maiores nas vacas do grupo IH em relação as do grupo DP. As vacas com condição corporal 2,5 e 3,0 apresentaram menores percentuais de prenhez ao 1ºDG no grupo IH (29,6 e 46,4%) em relação ao grupo DP (56,0 e 72,2%). Os percentuais de prenhez das vacas com índice corporal 65-73 não diferiram entre os grupos IH e DP. As vacas N do grupo IH, apresentaram menor percentual de prenhez ao 1ºDG que as F1 (27,7 vs. 64,2%), mas não diferiram em relação às C (40,0%). No grupo IH, o percentual de prenhez ao 2ºDG foi menor nas vacas HOM do que nas HET. O desmame definitivo precoce mostrou-se mais eficaz no incremento dos percentuais de prenhez em vacas de corte. ___________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThe aim of this experiment was to compare the efficiency of a hormonal protocol, associated to the temporary weaning for 96 hours, with the definitive weaning at 60 days in beef cows, for the induction of estrus and ovulation. One hundred and eightythree suckled beef cows were used. The breeds of the cows were Charolais (C) and Nellore (N) and their crosses. The animals were genotyped as homozygous (HOM) and heterozigous (HET) for the microsatellite BMS3004, that is localized in the same chromossome of the LH chain gene. The cows were distributed in two groups between 60 and 80 days postpartum (day 0). In the hormonal induction group (HI), the cows (n=87) received (day 0) 250 mg of medroxiprogesteron acetate for 8 days, 2.5 mg of estradiol benzoate (day 1) and 500 UI of eCG (day 7). On day 8, the calves were weaned for 96 hours. In the same day (day 8), the cows (n=96) of the other group were just submitted to early weaning (group EW). Twelve hours after weaning, artificial insemination (AI) was done during four days. After this period, they were mated. The first diagnosis of pregnancy (DP) was performed 60 days after the AI period and, the second, 60 days after the end of mating. The estrus rates were higher in cows from HI group than in those of EW group. In the HI group, the cows with body condition 2.5 and 3.0 presented lower pregnancy rates at the 1st DP (29.6 and 46.4%) than in the EW group (56.0 and 72.2%). The rates of pregnancy in cows with body index 65-73 did not differ between the HI and EW groups. The N cows of HI group presented lower pregnancy rate at 1st DP than the F1 (27.7 vs. 64.2%), but was not different than the C cows (40.0%). In the HI group, the pregnancy rate at the 2nd DP was lower in HOM cows than in the HET ones. The cows in the early definitive weaning group showed to be more efficient than in the hormonal induction group to improve the pregnancy rate

EFECTO DE LA SUPLEMENTACIÓN ALIMENTICIA CON FUENTES LIPÍDICAS SOBRE LA GANANCIA DE PESO Y NIVELES DE TESTOSTERONA SÉRICA EN TOROS BUFALINOS / EFFECT OF NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTATION WITH LIPIDS ON WEIGHT GAIN AND TESTOSTERONE LEVELS OF WATER BUFFALO BULLS

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el uso de concentrados a base de torta de copra y torta de palmiste en la suplementación de toros bufalinos mantenidos en pastoreo rotacional intensivo y comprobar su efecto sobre el peso corporal, el perímetro escrotal y los niveles de testosterona sérica. Quince búfalos (457,8±98,3 kg y 3,2±1,3 años) fueron tenidos en pastoreo (Panicum maximum vr. Mombaza) y recibieron suplementación diaria (1% del peso corporal) en comederos individuales. Los animales fueron asignados aleatoriamente en tres tratamientos: Control (n = 5; concentrado convencional, a base de maíz y salvado de soya), T1 (n = 5; concentrado a base de torta de copra) y T2 (n = 5; concentrado a base de torta de palmiste). El experimento duró 252 días, subdivididos en 9 periodos de 28 días (P1 a P9). El consumo de la ración fue controlado diariamente, el peso corporal y el perímetro escrotal cada 28 días (P1 a P9), y los niveles de testosterona plasmática cada 14 días (P7 a P9). La ganancia de peso promedio varió de 0,92 a 0,97 kg/animal/día. El peso corporal y el perímetro escrotal promedio no mostraron diferencias (P>0,05). Los animales del T2 presentaron niveles medios de testosterona más elevados (2,2 ng/mL) frente a Control (1,8 ng/mL) y a T1 (1,6 ng/mL) (P0.05). Animals in T2 had higher average levels of testosterone (2.2 ng/mL) compared to Control (1.8 ng/mL) and T1 (1.6 ng/mL) (P<0.05). Positive correlations were observed between body weight and testosterone levels (r = 0.58; P<0.0001) and between testosterone and scrotal circumference (r = 0.16; P<0.02). In conclusion, the new dietary supplements promoted performance similar to the conventional concentrate, considering the body weight gain and the testicular biometry in young buffalo bulls. However, the use of palm kernel cake was more efficient in raising serum testosterone levels

Ruminal degradability of tropical leguminous plants from eastern Amazonia

The aim of this study was to evaluate ruminal degradation of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of Cratylia argentea, Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) Merrill, and Stylosanthes guianensis ‘Campo Grande’ (EMBRAPA), aged 55 and 75 days, in sheep with rumen cannulas, using the in-situ technique. A factorial design of 3 leguminous plants × 2 ages × 6 incubation times was used, totaling 36 experimental units. The experimental period included 14 days for adaptation to diet and 5 days for data collection. Cratylia at both ages and Flemingia aged 55 days showed the highest “a” fraction values for DM degradability. Cratylia aged 55 days and Stylosanthes at both ages showed the highest “a” fraction values for CP. The highest “b” fraction value for DM was 51.27% for Stylosanthes aged 55 days. This rate was lower for the other leguminous plants, especially for Flemingia at both ages. The “b” fraction values for NDF are considered low for Flemingia, what may be the result of lower ruminal degradation. The highest “c” fraction degradation rate for DM was observed in all leguminous plants studied aged 75 days. The highest “c” fraction value for CP was 14.84% for Stylosanthes aged 75 days. The highest Kd fraction values for DM, NDF, and CP were found in Flemingia. Cratylia, and Stylosanthes aged 75 days presented higher effective degradability (ED) values for DM at 2 and 5%/hour compared to Flemingia at both ages. Cratylia and Stylosanthes had the highest ED values for NDF, regardless of their passage rates. Stylosanthes presented higher ED values for CP at both ages, regardless of its passage rate. The highest DM, NDF, and CP potential degradability (PD) was obtained for Cratylia and Stylosanthes, at both ages. The leguminous plants Cratylia and Stylosanthes can be recommended for use as a protein bank and supplementation for ruminants, whereas, Flemingia macrophylla should not be used as a protein supplement for ruminants, because it contains high levels of fibrous fractions

Valor nutritivo de genótipos de capim-elefante

The objective of this work was to assess the nutritive value of four elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) genotypes. The chemical composition, intake by sheep, and digestibility of different genotypes (G1, G2, G3, and G4) were evaluated. A dry matter (DM) digestibility assay was performed with total leftovers and feces collected from 20 sheep kept in metabolic cages. G3 had lower DM intake in grams per animal per day compared with G1 and G2, and it had greater digestibility, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber values. G1, G2, and G4 have the best nutritive values among the evaluated genotypes.O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o valor nutritivo de quatro genótipos de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum). Foram avaliados a composição química, o consumo por ovinos e a digestibilidade de diferentes genótipos (G1, G2, G3 e G4). A digestibilidade da matéria seca (MS) foi avaliada por meio da coleta total de sobras e fezes de 20 ovinos mantidos em gaiolas para ensaio de metabolismo. O G3 apresentou menor consumo de MS em gramas por animal por dia comparado ao G1 e ao G2, e maiores valores de digestibilidade, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido. Entre os genótipos avaliados, G1, G2 e G4 apresentam os melhores valores nutritivos

Effect of exogenous emulsifier and different fat sources on the performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, and serum lipid profile of broiler chickens

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of an emulsifier on reduced-energy diets using two fat sources for broilers. The study was designed as a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. The first factor was 2 fat sources (poultry fat or beef tallow). The second factor was a basal diet with the recommended energy levels, a diet with a 0.83 MJ/kg of energy reduction, and a diet with an energy reduction and inclusion of 1 g emulsifier/kg of diet. The emulsifier used in this study was composed of soy lecithin and polyethylene glycol ricinoleate. The emulsifier increased apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) in beef tallow diets compared to energy-reduced diets (P<0.001). Broilers fed poultry fat had higher weights and weight gains at 35 and 42 d of age (p=0.001), and they had higher daily deposition of fat in the carcass (P = 0.025) when compared to diets with beef tallow. The inclusion of emulsifiers in broiler diets improves AME and AMEn but did not affect the energy reduction diets, which resulted in reduced performance, decreasing daily fat deposition, but without effects on serum lipid profile in broilers