Kannabis landarearen kimika

Atal honetan, Kannabis landareari buruz arituko gara, landarea osatzen duten molekula bereziei buruz hain zuzen ere. Euren molekula-egitura eta ezagutzen diren ezaugarriak azalduz, usain eta eragin psikotropikoaren erantzule diren molekulak aztertuko dira. Bestalde, landarea kontsumitzeko modu anitz egon daitezke, eta haien deskribapena eta bakoitzaren berezitasunak emango dira. Amaitzeko, hasiera batean azaldutako molekulen analisi-teknikak adieraziko dira

Magnetic properties of cherts from the basque-cantabrian basin and surrounding regions: Archeological implications

We present the first rock magnetic study of archeologically-relevant chert samples from the Basque-Cantabrian basin (BCB) and surrounding regions, which was conducted in order to test the usefulness of non-destructive magnetic properties for assessing chert quality, distinguishing source areas, and identifying heated samples in the archeological record. Our results indicate that the studied BCB cherts are diamagnetic and have very low amounts of magnetic minerals. The only exception is the chert of Artxilondo, which has a median positive magnetic susceptibility associated with larger concentrations of magnetic minerals. But even in this case, the magnetic susceptibility is within the lower range of other archeologically-relevant cherts elsewhere, which indicates that the studied BCB cherts can be considered as flint. The similar median values for all magnetic properties, along with their associated large interquartile ranges, indicates that rock magnetic methods are of limited use for sourcing different types of flint except in some specific contexts involving the Artxilondo flint. With regards to the identification of chert heating in the archeological record, our results indicate only a minor magnetic enhancement of BCB natural flint samples upon heating, which we attribute to the low amount of non-silica impurities. In any case, the diamagnetic behavior of most BCB natural flints, along with the local use only of the Artxilondo type, suggests that any flint tool within the core of the BCB with positive magnetic susceptibility values is likely to have been subjected to heating for improving its knapping properties. Further studies are necessary to better identify the type, origin and grain size of magnetic minerals in BCB natural flints, and to apply non-destructive magnetic properties to flint tools in order to identify the use of heat treatment in the BCB archeological record. © 2016 Larrasoaña, Beamud, Olivares, Murelaga, Tarriño, Baceta and Etxebarria.This study was funded by project GUI15/34 of the Universidad del País Vasco.Peer reviewe

Metabolomics to study the sublethal effects of diazepam and irbesartan on glass eels (Anguilla anguilla)

Since glass eels are continuously exposed to contamination throughout their migratory journey in estuaries, to a certain extent the fall in the population of this endangered species might be attributed to this exposure, which is especially acute in estuaries under high urban pressure. In this work, metabolomics was used to address the main objective of this study, to evaluate the effects of two pharmaceuticals previously identified as potential concerning chemicals for fish (diazepam and irbesartan) on glass eels. An exposure experiment to diazepam, irbesartan and their mixture was carried out over 7 days followed by 7 days of depuration phase. After exposure, glass eels were individually sacrificed using a lethal bath of anesthesia, and then an unbiased sample extraction method was used to extract separately the polar metabolome and the lipidome. The polar metabolome was submitted to targeted and non-targeted analysis, whereas for the lipidome only the non-targeted analysis was carried out. A combined strategy using partial least squares discriminant analysis and univariate and multivariate statistical analysis (ANOVA, ASCA, t-test, and fold-change analysis) was used to identify the metabolites altered in the exposed groups with respect to the control group. The results of the polar metabolome analysis revealed that glass eels exposed to the diazepam-irbesartan mixture were the most impacted ones, with altered levels for 11 metabolites, some of them belonging to the energetic metabolism, which was confirmed to be sensitive to these contaminants. Additionally, the dysregulation of the levels of twelve lipids, most of them with energetic and structural functions, was also found after exposure to the mixture, which might be related to oxidative stress, inflammation, or alteration of the energetic metabolism.Authors acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) of Spain and the European Regional Development Fund through CTM2017–84763-C3–1-R and CTM2020–117686RB-C31 projects and the Basque Government through the financial support as a consolidated group of the Basque Research System (IT1446–22). Naroa Lopez-Herguedas is grateful to the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitivity for her predoctoral scholarship FPI 2018. Iker Alvarez-Mora is grateful to the University of the Basque Country and the Université de Pau et des Pays de L' Adour for his cotutelle predoctoral scholarship

Influence of dispersant application on the toxicity to sea urchin embryos of crude and bunker oils representative of prospective oil spill threats in Arctic and Sub-Arctic seas

This study deals with the toxicity assessment of crude and bunker oils representative of prospective oil spill threats in Arctic and Sub-Arctic seas (NNA: Naphthenic North-Atlantic crude oil; MGO: Marine Gas Oil; IFO: Intermediate Fuel Oil 180), alone or in combination with a third-generation dispersant (Finasol OSR52). Early life stages of sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus, were selected for toxicity testing of oil low-energy water accommodated fractions. A multi-index approach, including larval size increase and malformation, and developmental disruption as endpoints, was sensitive to discriminate from slight to severe toxicity caused by the tested aqueous fractions. IFO (heavy bunker oil) was more toxic than NNA (light crude oil), with MGO (light bunker oil) in between. The dispersant was toxic and further on it enhanced oil toxicity. Toxic units revealed that identified PAHs were not the main cause for toxicity, most likely exerted by individual or combined toxic action of non-measured compounds.The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge financial support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program EU H2020-BG-2005-2 under grant agreement No 679266 (project GRACE), from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport through pre-doctoral fellowship FPU15/05517, from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness through the project seaDIMENTOX (CTM2017-87766-R) and from the Basque Government through Consolidated Research Group GIC IT810-13 and IT1302-1

Konposatu kannabinoideen analisia matrize biologikoetan: odola, plasma, gernua, listua eta ilea

Cannabis Sativa edo marihuana, Europar Batasunean gehien kontsumitzen den legez kanpoko droga da. ..9-THC-a, Cannabis Sativaren osagai nagusiaren efektu psikoaktiboak istripu edota ondorio latzen eragile izan daitekeenez, beharrezkoa gertatzen da Cannabis Sativa noiz eta zenbat kontsumitu den jakitea edozein istripu ikerketa batean argibideak izateko. Egun, uneko analisi azkarrak jasotzen ahalbideratzen duten detektagailuak erabili daitezkeen arren, beharrezkoak gertatzen dira matrize biologikoetan ..9-THC-aren analisi zehatz eta sentikorrak ahalbidetzen dituzten analisi metodoen garapen eta erabilera. Lan honetan beraz, Cannabis Sativaren osagai psikoaktiboen eta beraien metabolitoen analisia egiteko hainbat analisi metodo laburbiltzen dira lau lagin biologikotan: odolean, gernuan, listuan eta ilean hain zuzen ere

Konposatu kannabinoideen analisia matrize biologikoetan: odola, plasma, gernua, listua eta ilea

Cannabis Sativa edo marihuana, Europar Batasunean gehien kontsumitzen den legez kanpoko droga da. ..9-THC-a, Cannabis Sativaren osagai nagusiaren efektu psikoaktiboak istripu edota ondorio latzen eragile izan daitekeenez, beharrezkoa gertatzen da Cannabis Sativa noiz eta zenbat kontsumitu den jakitea edozein istripu ikerketa batean argibideak izateko. Egun, uneko analisi azkarrak jasotzen ahalbideratzen duten detektagailuak erabili daitezkeen arren, beharrezkoak gertatzen dira matrize biologikoetan ..9-THC-aren analisi zehatz eta sentikorrak ahalbidetzen dituzten analisi metodoen garapen eta erabilera. Lan honetan beraz, Cannabis Sativaren osagai psikoaktiboen eta beraien metabolitoen analisia egiteko hainbat analisi metodo laburbiltzen dira lau lagin biologikotan: odolean, gernuan, listuan eta ilean hain zuzen ere

Dimentsio biko gas-kromatografia dimentsio bakarreko gas-kromatografiaren beharrak asetzen

Gas-kromatografia teknika oso hedatua dago analisi kimikoan, osagai kimikoak bereiztu, identifikatu, detektatu eta kuantifikatu nahi direnean. Analisi teknika honen ibilbidea ezaguna eta garatua bada ere, konplexutasun handiko laginen analisia egiteko, funtsezkoa bilakatzen ari da bereizmen handiko teknikak garatzea. Egungo berrikuntzetako bat dimentsio biko kromatografiaren garapena da, modu horretan, dimentsio bakarreko kromatografiarekin bereizi ezinak diren konposatuak azter daitezkeelarik. Lan honetan, beraz, aztergai hartuko dira dimentsio biko gas-kromatografiaren ezaugarriak, abantailak eta geologia, ingurumena edo elikadura bezalako zientzia arlo batzuetako erabilerak

Toxicity to sea urchin embryos of crude and bunker oils weathered under ice alone and mixed with dispersant

[EN] A multi-index approach (larval lenghthening and malformations, developmental disruption, and genotoxicity) was applied using sea-urchin embryos as test-organisms. PAH levels measured in the under-ice weathered aqueous fraction (UIWAF) were lower than in the low-energy water accommodated fraction (LEWAF) and similar amongst UIWAFs of different oils. UIWAFs and LEWAFs caused toxic effects, more markedly in UIWAFs, that could not be attributed to measured individual PAHs or to their mixture. Conversely, UIWAF was less genotoxic than LEWAF, most likely because naphthalene concentrations were also lower. In agreement, NAN LEWAF, the most genotoxic, exhibited the highest naphthalene levels. Dispersant addition produced less consistent changes in PAH levels and embryo toxicity in UIWAFs than in LEWAFs, and did not modify LEWAF genotoxicity. Overall, under ice weathering resulted in lowered waterborne PAHs and genotoxicity but augmented embryo toxicity, not modified by dispersant application.The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge financial support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program EU H2020-BG-2005-2 under grant agreement No 679266 (project GRACE), from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport through pre-doctoral fellowship FPU15/05517, and from the Basque Government through Consolidated Research Group GIC IT81013 & IT1302-19. The authors acknowledge Total Spain for kindly providing the dispersant