Cumulative and Differential Effects of Early Child Care and Middle Childhood Out-of-School Time on Adolescent Functioning.

Effects associated with early child care and out-of-school time (OST) during middle childhood were examined in a large sample of U.S. adolescents (N = 958). Both higher quality early child care AND more epochs of organized activities (afterschool programs and extracurricular activities) during middle childhood were linked to higher academic achievement at age 15. Differential associations were found in the behavioral domain. Higher quality early child care was associated with fewer externalizing problems, whereas more hours of early child care was linked to greater impulsivity. More epochs of organized activities was associated with greater social confidence. Relations between early child care and adolescent outcomes were not mediated or moderated by OST arrangements in middle childhood, consistent with independent, additive relations of these nonfamilial settings

Is early center-based child care associated with tantrums and unmanageable behavior over time up to school entry?

Background. Existing research suggests that there is a relationship between greater exposure to center-based child care and child behavioral problems though the mechanism for the impact is unclear. However the measure used to document child care has usually been average hours, which may be particularly unreliable in the early months when fewer children are in center care. In addition individual trajectories for behavior difficulties have not been studied. Objective. The purpose of the current study was to examine whether the extent of exposure to center-based child care before two years predicted the trajectory of children’s difficult behavior (i.e., tantrums and unmanageable behavior) from 30 to 51 months controlling for child and maternal characteristics. Method. Data were drawn from UK-based Families, Children and Child Care (FCCC) study (n=1201). Individual growth models were fitted to test the relation between early center-based child care experiences and subsequent difficult behavior. Results. Children with more exposure to center-based care before two had less difficult behavior at 30 months, but more increase over time. Initial levels were predicted by higher difficult temperament and lower verbal ability. Higher difficult temperament and lower family socio-economic status predicted its change over time. Conclusion. Findings suggest that early exposure to center-based care before two years old is a risk factor for subsequent behavior problems especially when children have a longer period of exposure. A possible explanatory process is that child coping strategies to manage frustration are less well developed in a group context, especially when they lag behind in expressive language

Rekruitment Tropical Box Mussels, Septifer Bilocularis In Tiwoho Coastal Area

The purpose of this study was to determine 1) the types of substrates on which Septiver attached, and 2) the number of tropical boxes mussel recruits at different size aggregation. The meter was placed on one side of the mussel aggregation, and it was pulled up to the other side through the middle of the mussel aggregation.  There were two different sizes of aggregation, namely small aggregation with a diameter of 5-25 cm, and large aggregation with a diameter > 1 meter. Aggregation samples were carried out by placing a core with a diameter of 10 cm in the center of the small mussel aggregation, then at the edge and the middle position of the large aggregation. All aggregation in the core was removed and inserted into the labeled sample plastic. The sampling was applied 4 times on different mussel aggregations, as replication. The results show that young mussels (recruiters) are attached to algae stems, mussel byssus, and dead hard coral. The number of mussel recruits was square-root transformed to obtain homogeneity data, before being tested using One-Way Analysis of Variance.  The results showed that the recruitment of Septifer was influenced by the size of the aggregation (P 0.05).  Discussion of different factors affecting attachment occurs.Keywords: box mussel; Septifer; recruit; aggregation; larva; TiwohoAbstrakTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui 1) jenis-jenis substrat yang menjadi tempat menempel kerang mudah Septiver, dan 2) jumlah rekruit kerang kotak tropis pada ukuran aggregasi kerang yang berbeda. Pengukuran ukuran aggregasi kerang dilakukan dengan meletakkan meteran pada salah satu sisi aggregasi kerang, selanjutnya meteran ditarik sampai ke sisi yang lain melewati bagian tengah aggregasi kerang.  Ada 2 jenis ukuran aggregasi, yaitu aggregasi kecil dengan ukuran diameter aggregasi 5 – 25 cm, dan aggregasi besar, yaitu dengan ukuran diameter aggregasi kerang > 1 meter.   Pengukuran diameter aggregasi dilakukan  4 kali, masing-masing dengan aggregasi berbeda, sebagai ulangan.  Sampel aggregasi kerang dilakukan dengan meletakkan kor (‘cor’) dengan diameter 10 cm di bagian tengah pada aggregasi kerang kecil, posisi pinggir dan tengah aggregasi besar.  Sampel diambil juga sebanyak 4 kali (ulangan) pada masing aggregasi yang berbeda, sebagai ulangan. Kerang disortir dengan bantuan mikroskop, di mana kerang dengan ukuran 0.05). Faktor yang mempengaruhi penempelan dan rekruit dari agrregasi dengan ukuran berbeda didiskusikan.Kata kunci: Kerang Kotak; Septifer; recruit; aggregate; larva; Tiwoh

The quality of different types of child care at 10 and 18 months. A comparison between types and factors related to quality.

The quality of care offered in four different types of non-parental child care to 307 infants at 10 months old and 331 infants at 18 months old was compared and factors associated with higher quality were identified. Observed quality was lowest in nurseries at each age point, except that at 18 months they offered more learning activities. There were few differences in the observed quality of care by child-minders, grandparents and nannies, although grandparents had somewhat lower safety and health scores and offered children fewer activities. Cost was largely unrelated to quality of care except in child-minding, where higher cost was associated with higher quality. Observed ratios of children to adults had a significant impact on quality of nursery care; the more infants or toddlers each adult had to care for, the lower the quality of the care she gave them. Mothers' overall satisfaction with their child's care was positively associated with its quality for home-based care but not for nursery settings

Going beyond defining: Preschool educators\u27 use of knowledge in their pedagogical reasoning about vocabulary instruction

Previous research investigating both the knowledge of early childhood educators and the support for vocabulary development present in early childhood settings has indicated that both educator knowledge and enacted practice are less than optimal, which has grave implications for children\u27s early vocabulary learning and later reading achievement. Further, the nature of the relationship between educators\u27 knowledge and practice is unclear, making it difficult to discern the best path towards improved knowledge, practice, and children\u27s vocabulary outcomes. The purpose of the present study was to add to the existing literature by using stimulated recall interviews and a grounded approach to examine how 10 preschool educators used their knowledge to made decisions about their moment-to-moment instruction in support of children\u27s vocabulary development. Results indicate that educators were thinking in highly context-specific ways about their goals and strategies for supporting vocabulary learning, taking into account important knowledge of their instructional history with children and of the children themselves to inform their decision making in the moment. In addition, they reported thinking about research-based goals and strategies for supporting vocabulary learning that went beyond simply defining words for children. Implications for research and professional development are discussed

Phase separation transition in liquids and polymers induced by electric field gradients

Spatially uniform electric fields have been used to induce instabilities in liquids and polymers, and to orient and deform ordered phases of block-copolymers. Here we discuss the demixing phase transition occurring in liquid mixtures when they are subject to spatially nonuniform fields. Above the critical value of potential, a phase-separation transition occurs, and two coexisting phases appear separated by a sharp interface. Analytical and numerical composition profiles are given, and the interface location as a function of charge or voltage is found. The possible influence of demixing on the stability of suspensions and on inter-colloid interaction is discussed.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures. Special issue of the J. Phys. Soc. Ja

ProSight PTM 2.0: improved protein identification and characterization for top down mass spectrometry

ProSight PTM 2.0 (http://prosightptm2.scs.uiuc.edu) is the next generation of the ProSight PTM web-based system for the identification and characterization of proteins using top down tandem mass spectrometry. It introduces an entirely new data-driven interface, integrated Sequence Gazer for protein characterization, support for fixed modifications, terminal modifications and improved support for multiple precursor ions (multiplexing). Furthermore, it supports data import and export for local analysis and collaboration

Survey of highly non-Keplerian orbits with low-thrust propulsion

Celestial mechanics has traditionally been concerned with orbital motion under the action of a conservative gravitational potential. In particular, the inverse square gravitational force due to the potential of a uniform, spherical mass leads to a family of conic section orbits, as determined by Isaac Newton, who showed that Kepler‟s laws were derivable from his theory of gravitation. While orbital motion under the action of a conservative gravitational potential leads to an array of problems with often complex and interesting solutions, the addition of non-conservative forces offers new avenues of investigation. In particular, non-conservative forces lead to a rich diversity of problems associated with the existence, stability and control of families of highly non-Keplerian orbits generated by a gravitational potential and a non-conservative force. Highly non-Keplerian orbits can potentially have a broad range of practical applications across a number of different disciplines. This review aims to summarize the combined wealth of literature concerned with the dynamics, stability and control of highly non-Keplerian orbits for various low thrust propulsion devices, and to demonstrate some of these potential applications