Social re-orientation and brain development: An expanded and updated view.

Social development has been the focus of a great deal of neuroscience based research over the past decade. In this review, we focus on providing a framework for understanding how changes in facets of social development may correspond with changes in brain function. We argue that (1) distinct phases of social behavior emerge based on whether the organizing social force is the mother, peer play, peer integration, or romantic intimacy; (2) each phase is marked by a high degree of affect-driven motivation that elicits a distinct response in subcortical structures; (3) activity generated by these structures interacts with circuits in prefrontal cortex that guide executive functions, and occipital and temporal lobe circuits, which generate specific sensory and perceptual social representations. We propose that the direction, magnitude and duration of interaction among these affective, executive, and perceptual systems may relate to distinct sensitive periods across development that contribute to establishing long-term patterns of brain function and behavior

2-Diazoacetoacetic acid, an efficient and convenient reagent for the synthesis of alpha-diazo-beta-ketoesters

The formation of various alpha-diazo acetoacetic esters can be obtained in a single transformation with good to excellent yields using readily available 2-diazoacetoacetic acid

The Visual Secret Sharing Scheme Based on the Rgb Color System

The visual secret sharing (VSS) scheme is a method to maintain the confidentiality of a se-cret image by sharing it to some number participants. A (k, n) VSS divides the secret images into n parts, that are called shadows ; to recover the secret back, k shadows should be stacked. Some methods have been developed to implement VSS for color images. However, the methods are only suitable for images with limited number of colors. When more colors are used, the resulted stacked shadow image becomes unclear. Besides that, the size of the shadows becomes bigger as more colors are used. We develop a new method implementing the VSS using the RGB color system. Using our method, the problem related to the unclear stacked shadow image can be overcome

Ship-based nitric acid measurements in the Gulf of Maine during New England Air Quality Study 2002

Gas phase nitric acid (HNO3) was measured at 5-min resolution on board the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) research vessel Ronald H. Brown during the second leg (29 July to 10 August) of the New England Air Quality Study (NEAQS) 2002 cruise. A primary objective of the cruise was to improve understanding of the oxidation of NOx in, and removal of the oxidation products from, the polluted marine boundary layer east of northeastern North America. For the first 9 days of this leg the ship remained north of Cape Cod, and the cruise track did not extend much farther north than the New Hampshire-Maine border. During this period, HNO3 averaged 1.1 ppb and accounted for 19% of total reactive nitrogen oxides (measured NOy). On all days, peak HNO3 mixing ratios were observed in the early afternoon (average 2.3 ppb), at levels twofold to fourfold higher than the minima around sunrise and sunset. In these daytime peaks, HNO3/NOy averaged 28%. There were secondary nighttime peaks of HNO3 (0.9 ppb average), when HNO3 accounted for 16% of total reactive nitrogen oxides. This pronounced diurnal pattern confirms that production, and subsequent deposition, of HNO3 in the polluted marine boundary layer downwind of New England removes a significant fraction of the NOx exported to the atmosphere over the Gulf of Maine. Nitric acid was correlated with O3, particularly during the early afternoon interval when both molecules reached maximum mixing ratios (R2 = 0.66). The ozone production efficiency (OPE) inferred from the slope (10 ppb O3/ppb HNO3) was similar to the OPE of 9 estimated at the Atmospheric Investigation, Regional Modeling, Analysis and Prediction (AIRMAP) Thompson Farm station in coastal New Hampshire during the study period

Testing evolutionary tracks of Pre-Main Sequence stars: the case of HD113449

Evolutionary tracks are of key importance for the understanding of star formation. Unfortunately, tracks published by various groups differ so that it is fundamental to have observational tests. In order to do this, we intend to measure the masses of the two components of the Pre-Main Sequence binary HD113449 by combining radial velocity measurements taken with HARPS, with infrared interferometric data using AMBER on the VLTI. The spectroscopic orbit that has already been determined, combined with the first AMBER measurement, allows us to obtain a very first estimation of the inclination of the binary system and from this the masses of the two stars. More AMBER measurements of HD 113449 are needed to improve the precision on the masses: in the ESO period P82 two new measurements are scheduled.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures; to appear in proceedings of Cool Star 15 conference, St.Andrews 200