Efectos del entrenamiento de técnica de carrera en la biomecánica del pie en corredores de resistencia. Estudio piloto

La técnica deportiva se define como la forma en la que cada segmento corporal se mueve en relación a los otros durante una tarea de movimiento. El buen dominio de la técnica permitirá una mayor optimización tanto en la aplicación de la fuerza como en el aprovechamiento de la resistencia. La propuesta de estudio se basa en la intervención en factores neuromusculares a través del entrenamiento, como por ejemplo la acción del pie en el suelo, disminuyendo el tiempo de contacto y aumento de la propulsión Los antecedentes previos sobre modificaciones producidas en el funcionamiento del aparato locomotor, concretamente sobre la técnica y economía de carrera, a través del entrenamiento, han demostrado cambios cuando se tratan de un programa específico a corto plazo, sin contemplar el uso de un programa de entrenamiento de ejercicios de técnica de carrera. Esta investigación busca analizar los efectos del trabajo específico de técnica de carrera en las variables cinemáticas del entrenamiento de carrera de resistencia. La muestra se compone de un grupo control y un grupo experimental al que se le realiza una intervención mediante 8 semanas de trabajo de técnica de carrera específico tres veces por semana (24 sesiones) y ambos grupos realizan carrera sub-máxima de resistencia cinco veces por semana (40 sesiones). Se analizan las variables cinématicas de la carrera durante el proceso mediante grabación y sistema Optogait. En los resultados obtenidos encontramos mejoría de la mayoría de variables cinemáticas en el grupo experimental respecto al grupo control, siendo más significativo en el tiempo de contacto y propulsión del antepie. Como conclusión, podemos decir que, con los resultados obtenidos en la cinemática del miembro inferior, podría producirse un efecto en el rendimiento mediante el entrenamiento de la técnica de carrera. Siendo aplicable directamente a la mayoría de métodos de entrenamiento utilizados en la actualidad.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Prevención de lesiones en el pie mediante la técnica de carrera

Más de un 79% de los corredores de distancia sufren lesiones en el miembro inferior cada año (Van Gent et al., 2007). La carrera requiere una perfecta coordinación de todos los segmentos corporales para asegurar el equilibro del centro de gravedad, ya que para que haya eficacia y economía en el desplazamiento, el centro de gravedad deberá mantenerse alineado y sin desviaciones laterales o verticales. (Gil, Marín, y Pascua, 1991) De este modo, se asegura que una técnica de carrera pobre dará lugar a movimientos poco eficientes y una alta probabilidad de lesiones (Cissik, 2002). Objetivos: analizar los parámetros biomecánicos de la carrera capaces de predecir lesiones en el pie y la aplicación de las diferentes modificaciones necesarias, a través de técnica de carrera, en la prevención de lesiones en el pie en corredores. Método: se realizó una búsqueda en Pubmed y SportDiscus, con la siguiente estrategia de descriptores de búsqueda running, retraining, prevention, injury, lower limb y foot. Resultados: se obtuvieron un total de 31 estudios, de los cuales 13 fueron incluidos en la revisión. Las estrategias de corrección de la técnica de carrera más comunes, para la prevención de lesiones en el pie y tobillo, son el incremento de la cadencia de Carrera, la reducción de la longitud de paso, reducción de la aducción de la cadera, reducción del valgo de rodilla y la transición de contacto de retropié a antepie, o viceversa. Conclusión: existe un consenso en la literatura de que la modificación de la técnica de carrera y el feedback a tiempo real son válidos para la prevención de lesiones del pie y tobillo.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Effects of Caffeine Supplementation on Power Performance in a Flywheel Device: A Randomised, Double-Blind Cross-Over Study

[EN] Despite the demonstrated evidence of the importance of eccentric contractions in sports performance, no research has evaluated the ergogenic effects of caffeine on this type of contraction means during flywheel exercises. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to compare the power outcomes, using different inertial loads, between caffeine and placebo conditions. Twenty-four young, healthy, and active men (age: 22.5 4.8 years) took part in the study. A crossed, randomised double-blind design was used to analyse the effects of caffeine on lower limb power outcomes during a flywheel half-squat exercise. Participants completed four sets of eight all-out repetitions with a fixed three-minutes rest interval, and each set was performed using different inertial loads (i.e., 0.025, 0.050, 0.075 and 0.100 kg m2). Both the mean power (MP) and peak power (PP) in concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) movement phases at each inertial load were recorded after participants were administered either a caffeine supplement (6 mg kg1) or placebo (sucrose). Participants receiving a caffeine supplementation demonstrated improvements versus the placebo in total MP (MPtotal), as well as MP in CON phase (MPcon) and in ECC phase (MPecc) at each inertial load (22.68 to 26.53%; p < 0.01, effect size (ES) = 0.89–1.40). In addition, greater improvements with caffeine ingestion were obtained with respect to the placebo condition (18.79 to 24.98%; p < 0.01, ES = 1.03–1.40) in total PP (PPtotal), as well as PP in CON phase (PPcon) and in ECC phase (PPecc) at each inertial load. Thus, the supplementation of 6 mg kg1 caffeine may be considered to maximise on-field physical performance in those sports characterised by high demands of resistance.SIThe costs of caffeine supplement, English translation, and publication costs will be paid by the University Isabel I, Burgos, Spain

Cross-Cultural adaptation and validation of the Exercise-Induced Leg Pain questionnaire for Spanish speaking patients

Objectives: To cross-culturally adapt and validate a Spanish version of the Exercise-Induced Leg Pain questionnaire. Design: Clinical measurement study. Participants: The validity and reliability of the adapted version were assessed in four groups of 40 patients with exercise-induced leg pain, 40 physically active healthy individuals (control group), 40 athletes with other leg conditions and 40 athletes, military personnel and candidates with no history of injury (risk group). Main measure: Exercise-Induced Leg Pain questionnaire. Reference measures: Spanish version of the Short-Form 36 and Schepsis postsurgical classification scale. Results: In patients with exercise-induced leg pain, the mean age was 24.9 (± 6.7) years and the mean score of the questionnaire was 62.8 (± 10.9). The standard error of measurement and minimum detectable change threshold were 1.67 and 4.63 points, respectively. Excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.942) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.995) were found. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicated that a one-factor solution explained 66.84% of the variance. For construct validity, 87.5% of the previously stated hypotheses were fulfilled between the total score of the questionnaire and Short-Form 36 dimensions. Concurrent validity, assessed by the Schepsis scale, was almost perfect (r = 0.92, p < 0.001). The predictive validity of the questionnaire was demonstrated using the receiving operating curve (area of 0.992; 95% CI: 0.983–1, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The Spanish version of the Exercise-Induced Leg Pain questionnaire resulted in a reliable and valid instrument to assess patients with exercise-induced leg pain. © The Author(s) 2022

Cross-Cultural adaptation and validation of the Exercise-Induced Leg Pain questionnaire for Spanish speaking patients.

The objectives of this study were to cross-culturally adapt a Spanish version of the original German Exercise-Induced Leg Pain (EILP-G) questionnaire for the determination of symptom severity, function, and sport capacity in patients with EILP and to determine the psychometric properties of the version developed in Spanish (EILP-Sp). The EILP-G questionnaire was cross-culturally adapted to Spanish according to the established guidelines. The validity and reliability of the EILP-Sp were assessed in four groups of participants (n = 160) by analyzing six psychometric properties. Excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.942) and test-retest reliability (Rxx = 0.998) were found. The results of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicated that EILP was the only construct measured from the EILP-Sp. The correlation between the EILP-Sp total score and the dimensions of the SF-36 questionnaire showed good construct validity, with 80% of the previously stated hypotheses being met. Concurrent validity, assessed by the Schepsis scale, was almost perfect (r = 0.92, p<.001). Predictive validity was tested using the ROC curve, indicating the ability of the EILP-Sp questionnaire to discriminate between injured and healthy subjects (area of .992; 95% CI: .983–1, p<.001). As no individuals with EILP obtained the maximum or minimum possible values on the questionnaire, there were no ceiling or floor effects. The Spanish version was successfully adapted from the original EILP-G, resulting in a reliable and valid patient-reported outcome measure for the assessment of patients with chronic EILP

Systematic Review of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures for Patients with Exercise-Induced Leg Pain

Background and Objectives: To determine the most commonly used patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in exercise-induced leg pain (EILP) and to identify specific PROMs for EILP in order to evaluate their psychometric properties and methodological quality. Materials and Methods: A strategic search was performed in different databases to identify and extract the characteristics of studies based on the use of PROMs in patients with EILP. Specific PROMs were evaluated according to the Terwee et al. and COSMIN criteria. Results: Fifty-six studies were included in the review. The Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome Score (MTSSS), Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) and Exercise-Induced Leg Pain Questionnaire (EILP-Q) were identified as specific PROMs for EILP. The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was the most widely used instrument in the assessment of EILP. The methodological quality assessment showed six positive values for the LEFS, four for the MTSSS and three for the EILP-Q for the eight psychometric properties analyzed according to the COSMIN criteria. The evaluation of the nine psychometric properties according to Terwee showed five positive values for the LEFS and MTSSS, and three for the EILP-Q. Conclusions: The overall methodological quality of the PROMs used was low. The VAS was the most widely used instrument in the assessment of EILP, and the LEFS was the highest quality PROM available for EILP, followed by the MTSSS and EILP-Q, respectively.Castillo-Domínguez A, García-Romero JC, Alvero-Cruz JR, Ponce-García T, Benítez-Porres J, Páez-Moguer J. Systematic Review of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures for Patients with Exercise-Induced Leg Pain. Medicina. 2022; 58(7):841. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina5807084

Relationship between running spatiotemporal kinematics and muscle performance in well-trained youth female athletes. A cross-sectional study

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to analyse the relationship of neuromuscular performance and spatiotemporal parameters in 18 adolescent distance athletes (age, 15.5 ± 1.1 years). Using the OptoGait system, the power, rhythm, reactive strength index, jump flying time, and jump height of the squat jump, countermovement jump, and eight maximal hoppings test (HT8max) and the contact time (CT), flying time (FT), step frequency, stride angle, and step length of running at different speeds were measured. Maturity offset was determined based on anthropometric variables. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of repeated measurements showed a reduction in CT (p < 0.000) and an increase in step frequency, step length, and stride angle (p < 0.001), as the velocity increased. The HT8max test showed significant correlations with very large effect sizes between neuromuscular performance variables (reactive strength index, power, jump flying time, jump height, and rhythm) and both step frequency and step length. Multiple linear regression found this relationship after adjusting spatiotemporal parameters with neuromuscular performance variables. Some variables of neuromuscular performance, mainly in reactive tests, were the predictors of spatiotemporal parameters (CT, FT, stride angle, and VO). Rhythm and jump flying time in the HT8max test and power in the countermovement jump test are parameters that can predict variables associated with running biomechanics, such as VO, CT, FT, and stride angle. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Plataforma formativa en tecnologies de modelització virtual: SIG, Teledetecció, Escànner Làser i Realitat virtual en l’àmbit del laboratori de modelització virtual de la ciutat de l’ETSAB

S’introdueix la base tecnològica i les funcionalitats del SIG. S’estudien els conceptes rellevants d’estructura urbana, criteris i procediments de treball, fonamentals per la seva visualització sintètica en un àmbit municipal. La definició de processos per explorar i mostrar els diferents factors que conflueixen en un entorn, les seves relaciones espacials, i una lectura integradora de molts components del que resulta una millora qualitativa important que permet combinar elements i efectuar síntesis de continguts mitjançant l’exploració de bases d’informació urbana en formato digital i aplicacions informàtiques basades en SIG convencionals Desktop Mapping (PC).Peer Reviewe

Exploring Blue Spaces' Effects on Childhood Leukaemia Incidence: A Population-Based Case-Control Study in Spain

Background: Blue spaces have been a key part of human evolution, providing resources and helping economies develop. To date, no studies have been carried out to explore how they may be linked to paediatric oncological diseases. Objectives: To explore the possible relationship of residential proximity to natural and urban blue spaces on childhood leukaemia. Methods: A population-based case–control study was conducted in four regions of Spain across the period 2000–2018. A total of 936 incident cases and 5616 controls were included, individually matched by sex, year of birth and place of residence. An exposure proxy with four distances (250 m, 500 m, 750 m, and 1 km) to blue spaces was built using the geographical coordinates of the participants’ home residences. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) for blue-space exposure were calculated for overall childhood leukaemia, and the acute lymphoblastic (ALL) and acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML) subtypes, with adjustment for socio-demographic and environmental covariates. Results: A decrease in overall childhood leukaemia and ALL-subtype incidence was found as we came nearer to children’s places of residence, showing, for the study as a whole, a reduced incidence at 250 m (odds ratio (OR) = 0.77; 95%CI = 0.60–0.97), 500 m (OR = 0.78; 95%CI = 0.65–0.93), 750 m (OR = 0.80; 95%CI = 0.69–0.93), and 1000 m (OR = 0.84; 95%CI = 0.72–0.97). AML model results showed an increasing incidence at closest to subjects’ homes (OR at 250m = 1.06; 95%CI=0.63–1.71). Conclusions: Our results suggest a possible association between lower childhood leukaemia incidence and blue-space proximity. This study is a first approach to blue spaces’ possible effects on childhood leukaemia incidence; consequently, it is necessary to continue studying these spaces—while taking into account more individualised data and other possible environmental risk factors.This study was funded by Carlos III Institute of Health, Spain (grant numbers PI19CIII/00025, PI16CIII/00009, EPY-505/19-PFIS), and Spain’s Health Research Fund (Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria-FIS grant number 12/01416). The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.S

Exploring Urban Green Spaces' Effect against Traffic Exposure on Childhood Leukaemia Incidence

Background: Several environmental factors seem to be involved in childhood leukaemia incidence. Traffic exposure could increase the risk while urban green spaces (UGS) exposure could reduce it. However, there is no evidence how these two factors interact on this infant pathology. Objectives: to evaluate how residential proximity to UGS could be an environmental protective factor against traffic exposure on childhood leukaemia incidence. Methods: A population-based case control study was conducted across thirty Spanish regions during the period 2000-2018. It included 2526 incident cases and 15,156, individually matched by sex, year-of-birth, and place-of-residence. Using the geographical coordinates of the participants' home residences, a 500 m proxy for exposure to UGS was built. Annual average daily traffic (AADT) was estimated for all types of roads 100 m near the children's residence. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), UGS, traffic exposure, and their possible interactions were calculated for overall childhood leukaemia, and the acute lymphoblastic (ALL) and acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML) subtypes, with adjustment for socio-demographic covariates. Results: We found an increment of childhood leukaemia incidence related to traffic exposure, for every 100 AADT increase the incidence raised 1.1% (95% CI: 0.58-1.61%). UGS exposure showed an incidence reduction for the highest exposure level, Q5 (OR = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.54-0.72). Regression models with both traffic exposure and UGS exposure variables showed similar results but the interaction was not significant. Conclusions: Despite their opposite effects on childhood leukaemia incidence individually, our results do not suggest a possible interaction between both exposures. This is the first study about the interaction of these two environmental factors; consequently, it is necessary to continue taking into account more individualized data and other possible environmental risk factors involved.This study was funded by Carlos III Institute of Health, Spain (grant numbers PI19CIII/00025, PI16CIII/00009 and EPY-505/19-PFIS), and Spain’s Health Research Fund (Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria-FIS grant number 12/01416). The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.S