WATER ACTIVITY DATA ASSESSMENT TO BE USED IN HANFORD WASTE SOLUBILITY CALCULATIONS

The purpose of this report is to present and assess water activity versus ionic strength for six solutes:sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, and potassium nitrate. Water activity is given versus molality (e.g., ionic strength) and temperature. Water activity is used to estimate Hanford crystal hydrate solubility present in the waste

A Brokering Framework for Assessing Legal Risks in Big Data and the Cloud

“Cloud computing” and “Big Data” are amongst the most hyped-up terms and buzzwords of the moment. After decades in which individuals and companies used to host their data and applications using their own IT infrastructure, the world has seen the stunning transformation of the Internet. Major shifts occurred when these infrastructures began to be outsourced to public Cloud providers to match commercial expectations. Storing, sharing and transferring data and databases over the Internet is convenient, yet legal risks cannot be eliminated. Legal risk is a fast-growing area of research and covers various aspects of law. Current studies and research on Cloud computing legal risk assessment have been, however, limited in scope and focused mainly on security and privacy aspects. There is little systematic research on the risks, threats and impact of the legal issues inherent to database rights and “ownership” rights of data. Database rights seem to be outdated and there is a significant gap in the scientific literature when it comes to the understanding of how to apply its provisions in the Big Data era. This means that we need a whole new framework for understanding, protecting and sharing data in the Cloud. The scheme we propose in this chapter is based on a risk assessment-brokering framework that works side by side with Service Level Agreements (SLAs). This proposed framework will provide better control for Cloud users and will go a long way to increase confidence and reinforce trust in Cloud computing transactions

Isotope effects in methanol synthesis and the reactivity of copper formates on a Cu/SiO(2) catalyst

Here we investigate isotope effects on the catalytic methanol synthesis reaction and the reactivity of copper-bound formate species in CO(2)-H(2) atmospheres on Cu/SiO(2) catalysts by simultaneous IR and MS measurements, both steady-state and transient. Studies of isotopic variants (H/D, (12)C/(13)C) reveal that bidentate formate dominates the copper surface at steady state. The steady-state formate coverages of HCOO (in 6 bar 3:1 H(2):CO(2)) and DCOO (in D(2):CO(2)) are similar and the steady-state formate coverages in both systems decrease by similar to 80% from 350 K to 550 K. Over the temperature range 413 K-553 K, the steady-state methanol synthesis rate shows a weak H/D isotope effect (1.05 +/- 0.05) with somewhat higher activation energies in H(2):CO(2) (79 kJ/mole) than D(2):CO(2) (71 kJ/mole) over the range 473 K-553 K. The reverse water gas shift (RWGS) rates are higher than methanol synthesis and also shows a weak positive H/D isotope effect with higher activation energy for H(2)/CO(2) than D(2)/CO(2) (108 vs. and 102 kJ/mole) The reactivity of the resulting formate species in 6 bar H(2), 6 bar D(2) and 6 bar Ar is strongly dominated by decomposition back to CO(2) and H(2). H(2) and D(2) exposure compared to Ar do not enhance the formate decomposition rate. The decomposition profiles on the supported catalyst deviate from first order decay, indicating distributed surface reactivity. The average decomposition rates are similar to values previously reported on single crystals. The average activation energies for formate decomposition are 90 +/- 17 kJ/mole for HCOO and 119 +/- 11 kJ/mole for DCOO. By contrast to the catalytic reaction rates, the formate decomposition rate shows a strong H/D kinetic isotope effect (H/D similar to 8 at 413 K), similar to previously observed values on Cu(110)close171

BrCl production in NaBr/NaCl/HNO 3 /O 3 solutions representative of sea‐salt aerosols in the marine boundary layer

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/94954/1/grl13060.pd

Phase transitions in emulsified HNO3/H2O and HNO3/H2SO4/H2O solutions

Chang HYA, Koop T, Molina LT, Molina MJ. Phase transitions in emulsified HNO3/H2O and HNO3/H2SO4/H2O solutions. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A. 1999;103(15):2673-2679.The liquid-solid phase transitions of emulsified binary HNO3/H2O and ternary HNO3/H2SO4/H2O acid solutions have been investigated using differential scanning calorimetry in order to elucidate the mechanism of ice formation from stratospheric aerosols. The results indicate that binary solution droplets with less than 33 wt % HNO3 freeze to form ice at temperatures 37-65 K below the equilibrium ice melting temperatures. Droplets with higher concentrations (up to 65 wt %) do not freeze; instead, they form glasses at temperatures below 160 K. The results also show that the presence of H2SO4 in amounts corresponding to less than 5 wt % depresses the freezing points of the 0-33 wt % HNO3 droplets by 5 to >30 K, in agreement with earlier observations. The implications of the new data for our understanding of the formation of polar stratospheric clouds have been investigated using a thermodynamic model. The results indicate that an ice saturation ratio of greater than 1.65 is required for ice particles to form from ternary aerosols at stratospheric temperatures, corresponding to a cooling of about 3 K below the ice frost point