Pipeline Applications

Discussion GroupOperation (single, series, batch products, parallel) Maintenance (mechanical seals, bearings, pigging, vibration) Hydraulic rerates (destaging, volute chipping, volute inserts, impeller underfilling

Pipeline Applications

Discussion Grou

Pipeline Applications

Discussion Grou

Pipeline Application

Discussion Grou

Pipeline Application

Discussion Grou

Archaeogenomic distinctiveness of the Isthmo-Colombian area

The recently enriched genomic history of Indigenous groups in the Americas is still meager concerning continental Central America. Here, we report ten pre-Hispanic (plus two early colonial) genomes and 84 genome-wide profiles from seven groups presently living in Panama. Our analyses reveal that pre-Hispanic demographic events contributed to the extensive genetic structure currently seen in the area, which is also characterized by a distinctive Isthmo-Colombian Indigenous component. This component drives these populations on a specific variability axis and derives from the local admixture of different ancestries of northern North American origin(s). Two of these ancestries were differentially associated to Pleistocene Indigenous groups that also moved into South America, leaving heterogenous genetic footprints. An additional Pleistocene ancestry was brought by a still unsampled population of the Isthmus (UPopI) that remained restricted to the Isthmian area, expanded locally during the early Holocene, and left genomic traces up to the present day.Universidad del NorteUniversità degli Studi di Pavi

Centrifugal Pumps In Heated Bitumen Pipeline Service

Lecturepg. 10World scale deposits of oil sands (bitumen) in North Alberta are being developed to extract hydrocarbons from the sand. A pilot facility was built to pump raw heavy tar-like bitumen in a heated state through an insulated and buried long distance pipeline in order to determine technological and economic viability. This paper describes the special considerations in the selection, design, installation, and control of pipeline pumps to transport high viscosity heated bitumen. Loss of heat in the pumps and the pipeline would increase viscosity of the bitumen, which could not be recovered and would result in a permanent failure of the facility. To increase pump reliability, standard mechanical seals, auxiliary piping, and bearings were modified. Also affecting the pump design was the need to manufacture the pump station in modules in Edmonton, Alberta, then transport the modules 500 km (315 miles) to the site for assembly. This was due to remove, cold, arctic-like, and high labor cost environment of the site. For flow rate and pressure control, the pumps were powered by a variable speed electric motor drive. Redundant safety systems were used to ensure the pumps and pump station were operational and 100 percent available