Interaction between current imbalance and magnetization in LHC cables

The quality of the magnetic field in superconducting accelerator magnets is associated with the properties of the superconducting cable. Current imbalances due to coupling currents ¿I, as large as 100 A, are induced by spatial variations of the field sweep rate and contact resistances. During injection at a constant field all magnetic field components show a decay behavior. The decay is caused by a diffusion of coupling currents into the whole magnet. This results in a redistribution of the transport current among the strands and causes a demagnetization of the superconducting cable. As soon as the field is ramped up again after the end of injection, the magnetization rapidly recovers from the decay and follows the course of the original hysteresis curve. In order to clarify the interactions between the changes in current and magnetization during injection the authors performed a number of experiments. A magnetic field with a spatially periodic pattern was applied to a superconducting wire in order to simulate the coupling behavior in a magnet. This model system was placed into a stand for magnetization measurements and the influence of different powering conditions was analyze

Nb3_3Sn conductor development and characterization for NED

The main purpose of Next European Dipole (NED) project is to design and to build an Nb$_{3}$Sn ~ 15 T dipole magnet. Due to budget constraints, NED is mainly focused on superconducting cable development and production. In this work, an update is given on the NED conductor development by Alstom-MSA and SMI, which uses, respectively, Internal-Tin-Diffusion and Powder-In-Tube methods, with the aim of reaching a non-copper critical current density of ~ 3000 A/mm2 at 12 T and 4.2 K. Characterization results, including critical current and magnetization data, are presented and discussed, as well, for conductors already developed by both companies for this project. SMI succeeded to produce a strand with 50 µm diameter filaments and with a critical current of ~ 1400 A at 4.2 K and 12 T, corresponding to a non-copper critical current density of ~ 2500 A/mm2. Cabling trials with this strand were successfully carried out at LBNL

Groei en productie van grove den in Nederland

In the Netherlands, growth and yield research on Scots pine was done from 1949 to 2002. This includes studies by Becking and by the Dorschkamp/IBN research institute. Together with the permanent sample plots from the timber prognosis system HOSP, all this comprises a dataset of 94 plots with 348 recordings. For the development of top height htop with age (t), Cieszewski’s model with site index h70 and 3 additional parameters fitted best. The diameter development up to stand height of 7 m was best described with the model by Jansen et al. based on htop and initial density N0. From a stand height of 7 m and up, the basal area increment iG was best described by a power func-tion based on htop, calendar year (yor), h50 and the stand density index of Hart (S%). For S % > 20.6 the basal area increment drops strongly with increasing S %. The effect of thinning on diameter after thinning was modelled with a modified La Bastide-Faber model. With all models together, a stand projection model was constructed, which follows the measured stand development reasonably well. The model was used to construct yield tables with five site classes and four thinning intensities

Groei en productie van beuk in Nederland

In the Netherlands growth and yield research on common beech was done from 1960 to 1992 at very small scale. This includes studies by Becking and by the Dorschkamp/IBN research insti-tute. Together with the permanent sample plots from the timber prognosis system HOSP, all this comprises a dataset of 47 plots with 169 recordings. For the development of top height (htop) with age (t) Cieszewski’s model with site index h70 and three additional parameters fitted best. The diame-ter development up to stand height of 7 m was described with the model by Jansen et al. based on htop and initial density (N0). From a stand height of 7 m and up, the basal area increment (iG) was also described by a model from Jansen et al., based on a power function with htop, t, year of recording (yor), and the stand density of Hart (S %). For S % > 17.6 the basal area increment drops strongly with increasing S %. The model contains a correction factor for yor, which unfortunately could not be esti-mated from the plot data. The effect of thinning on the diameter after thinning was modelled with a modified La Bastide-Faber model. With all models together, a stand projection model was con-structed, which describes the measured stand development moderately well. The model was used to construct yield tables for with five site classes and six thinning intensitie

Groei en productie van populier in Nederland

Between 1947 and 2000, growth and yield of Poplar was studied in the Netherlands. To the permanent plots measured by Becking and De Dorschkamp/IBN, the permanent sample plots from HOSP were added, resulting in 235 plots and 1808 recordings.The development of the mean height hm with age t was found to be best described by a Chapman-Richards-model, with adjustment factors for dense stand and for different parameters for forest stands, line plantings, and for aspen, using site index h25. The diameter development up to a height of 7 m was best described with a Gompertz-model in t, hm and the initial spacing (SP0).The basal area increment IG was best explained by a power function in which hm, age, h25 and the Becking-Hart spacing index S% are included. For S% > 29.2 the basal area increment dropped with a non-linear function in S%. For dense spacing and for line plantings, other models fitted best.Combining all models, a stand projection model was constructed, which described the plot develop-ment as measured reasonably well.Yield tables were made for forests with different spacing, for forests with a wide stand with and with-out systematically thinning, for forest with very dense spacing including mortality, for line plantings without thinning, and for aspen with heavy thinning from belo

The CARE accelerator R&D programme in Europe

Published online on JACoWCARE, an ambitious and coordinated programme of accelerator research and developments oriented towards high energy physics projects, has been launched in January 2004 by the main European laboratories and the European Commission. This project aims at improving existing infrastructures dedicated to future projects such as linear colliders, upgrades of hadron colliders and high intensity proton drivers. We describe the CARE R&D plans, mostly devoted to advancing the performance of the superconducting technology, both in the fields of RF cavities for electron or proton acceleration and of high field magnets, as well as to developing high intensity electron and proton injectors. We highlight some results and progress obtained so far

Hypthesis and theory

Seabirds are amongst the most mobile of all animal species and spend large amounts of their lives at sea. They cross vast areas of ocean that appear superficially featureless, and our understanding of the mechanisms that they use for navigation remains incomplete, especially in terms of available cues. In particular, several large-scale navigational tasks, such as homing across thousands of kilometers to breeding sites, are not fully explained by visual, olfactory or magnetic stimuli. Low-frequency inaudible sound, i.e., infrasound, is ubiquitous in the marine environment. The spatio-temporal consistency of some components of the infrasonic wavefield, and the sensitivity of certain bird species to infrasonic stimuli, suggests that infrasound may provide additional cues for seabirds to navigate, but this remains untested. Here, we propose a framework to explore the importance of infrasound for navigation. We present key concepts regarding the physics of infrasound and review the physiological mechanisms through which infrasound may be detected and used. Next, we propose three hypotheses detailing how seabirds could use information provided by different infrasound sources for navigation as an acoustic beacon, landmark, or gradient. Finally, we reflect on strengths and limitations of our proposed hypotheses, and discuss several directions for future work. In particular, we suggest that hypotheses may be best tested by combining conceptual models of navigation with empirical data on seabird movements and in-situ infrasound measurements

Repeated attempts, phonetic errors, and syllabifications in a case study:Evidence of impaired transfer from phonology to articulatory planning

Background: In aphasia, impairments affecting stages after lexical access have been subdivided into three types: 1. impairments specifying a sequence of phonemes after lexical access (the reproduction variety of conduction aphasia, CA); 2. impairments holding on to these representations during articulatory planning (the short-term memory (STM) variety of CA); and 3. Impairments specifying integrated articulatory/motor plans for clusters of phonemes (apraxia of speech, AoS). Models of speech production, however, suggest more articulated possibilities (i.e., different subtypes of articulatory impairments). Aims: We investigated the impairment in a person with aphasia whose preliminary assessment revealed mixed speech characteristics, combining features typically used to identify CA – phonological errors across tasks and repeated attempts at the target – with features typically used to identify AoS – phonetic errors and word dysfluencies (phoneme elongations and syllabifications). Our preliminary hypothesis was that there was a difficulty transferring information from an (intact) phonological output buffer to articulatory planning. Slow/noisy transfer would predict dysfluencies, errors selecting motor programs, but also repeated attempts (RA) at revising the output in the face of intact feedback and intact original representations. This hypothesis also predicts effects of position and phonological complexity. Method and Procedure: We tested CS’s word and nonword repetition, word reading, and picture naming. We quantified lexical and non-lexical errors, repeated attempts, phonetic errors, and syllabifications. We assessed effects of word frequency, word length, phoneme position, and syllabic and phonological complexity. Results: CS made similar errors across tasks, consistent with a post-lexical impairment. His RAs most often built up a correct target from fragments and/or previously incorrect attempts, similar to a conduite d’approche. He also produced more errors in later positions, and more repeated attempts on longer words. However, inconsistent with decay from an output buffer, phonological errors did not increase with word length. Finally, frequency mattered, consistent with easier/faster access to simpler/more practiced motor plans. Conclusions: CS’s speech characteristics and anatomical lesion are consistent with transfer limitations between phonology and articulatory planning. However, CS has more difficulties in computing articulatory plans than in selecting and retaining phonological representations, as commonly attributed to CA. CS’s case suggests that different varieties of phonological and articulatory disorders need to be distinguished, beyond a strict dichotomy AoS/CA (e.g., involving transfer limitations and difficulties in computing, selecting,, and/or initiating articulatory plans)