Use of Arthrobotrys spp. in biocontrol of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita

Plant parasitic nematodes are well-known and devastating pathogens of many agricultural crops around the world. Among the plant phytoparasitic, root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are the economically important limiting factors in agricultural productivity and the quality of crops. One of the most destructive species of root-knot nematodes is Meloidogyne incognita among the most important plant pests which cause severe problems in economically important crops such as vegetables, fruits, and ornamental plants. Root-knot nematodes can be managed by resistant cultivars, crop rotation, cultural practices, chemical nematicides and biocontrol agents. However, the use of nematicides can cause significant problems, including environmental pollution and long-term residue issues. Therefore, biological control with fungus is agriculturally useful an exciting and rapidly developing research area and especially there is growing attention to the exploitation of fungi for the control of nematodes. Nematophagous fungi are an important group of soil microorganisms that can suppress the populations of plant parasitic nematodes. These fungi can be divided into four main categories: endoparasitic fungi, nematode-trapping fungi, fungi that parasitic egg and female, and toxin-producing fungi. Among the nematophagous fungi, nematode-trapping fungi which are natural enemies of nematodes are the most studied. The nematode-trapping fungi develop hyphal structures. Arthrobotrys spp. are a well-known nematode-trapping fungus with biocontrol potential against root-knot nematodes, including M. incognita. The objective of this paper is to summarize the data on the potential for use of Arthrobotrys spp. in biocontrol of the root-knot nematode M. incognita. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1001564

ÖRTÜALTI YETİŞTİRİCİLİKTE BAZI AŞILI DOMATES ÇEŞİTLERİNİN KÖK UR NEMATODLARINA (Meloidogyne spp.) KARŞI DAYANIKLILIKLARININ VE NEMATOD YOĞUNLUĞUNUN ARAŞTIRILMASI

Domates ülkemiz de büyük bir ekonomik öneme sahiptir. Antalya ili yetiştiricilikte ilk sıradadır. Domatesin en önemli zararlılarından birisi kök ur nematodudur (Meloidogyne spp.). Yapılan bu çalışmada Antalya ili ve bazı ilçelerinde örtüaltı domates ekim alanlarında 2019-2020 yıllarında kök ur nematodunun aşılı ve aşısız çeşitlerde yayılımı bulaşıklık durumu ve yoğunluğu araştırılmıştır. Antalya ilinde 6 ilçe ve 31 köyden 303 toprak ve kök örneği alınmıştır. Temiz ve bulaşık alanlar belirlenmiştir. Bulaşık alanlarda önceden bölgede tespit edilen Meloidogyne incognita ve Meloidogyne javanica saptanmıştır. 137 aşılı domates örneğinden 22’si(%16,05), 166 aşısız domates örneğinden 88’i(%53,01) kök ur nematodu ile bulaşık olduğu belirlenmiştir. Aşılı çeşitlerin aşısız çeşitlere göre toprak kökenli hastalıklara daha dayanıklı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kök ur nematodu ile bulaşık alanlarda aşılı çeşitlerin aşısız çeşitlere oranla daha fazla verim verdiği gözlemlenmiştir. Kök ur nematodu ile bulaşık olan aşılı domateslerin topraktan ikinci dönem larva (J2) sayısı 100 ve daha fazla görülmesine rağmen kök gelişiminin güçlü olduğu ve urlanmanın kabul edilebilir olduğu belirlenmiştir. Yumurta paketi skalasına göre tüm aşılı çeşitler en fazla 2 seviyesinde değer alarak dayanıklı kabul edilmiştir. En yoğun bulaşıklık Serik ilçesinde Belkıs, Yeşilyurt, Kökez, Gebiz köylerinde, Manavgat ilçesinde Çakış köyünde, Aksu ilçesinde Macun mahallesinde görülmüştür. Demre ilçesinden alınan örneklerde kök ur nematoduna rastlanmamıştır

InGaAs-Based MSM Photodetector: Researching Absorption Layer, Barrier Layer, and Digital Graded Superlattice Layer with 3D Simulation

The effects of absorption, barrier, and digital graded layer thickness on dark current and photocurrent in Metal Semiconductor Metal (MSM) photodetectors by using 3D Silvaco TCAD are reported. The photo-dark current ratio (Iphoto/Idark) is calculated using the photocurrent and dark current values obtained by simulation. In study A (absorption layer thickness variation) the photocurrent, dark current and photo-dark current ratio are increased with increased absorption layer thickness, and the dark current is 1.138x10-7 A levels. In Study B (barrier layer thickness variation), when the barrier layer is added to the absorption layer, the dark current is decreased to 1.56x10-11 A levels. It is reported that the photo-dark current ratio with increasing barrier layer thickness increases. In study C (digital graded superlattice layer thickness variation), the dark current increases, and photocurrent decreases with the increase of the digital graded superlattice layer thickness. However, the photo-dark current ratio with increasing digital graded superlattice layer thickness decreases. Furthermore, a similar trend of development is observed on photo-dark current with adding of the barrier layer and digital graded superlattice layer on the absorption layer. These findings demonstrate the importance of optimizing layer thickness in MSM photodetectors for improved device performance

Comparison of serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activities among different sheep breeds in Turkey

Paraoxonase 1 (PON1, EC 3.1.8.1) is a calcium dependent mammalian enzyme that is synthesized primarily in the liver and is secreted into the serum where it is associated with High Density Lipoproteins (HDLs) and has a protective effect against oxidation of Low Density Lipoproteins (HDLs). Beside antioxidant and antiatherogenic properties, PON1 is also a detoxifier that can hydrolyze toxic organophosphates. Several studies have shown that PON1 can bind reversibly to organophosphate substrates which it hydrolyzes. Therefore, PON1 is the main means of protection of the nervous system against the neurotoxicity of organophosphates entering the circulation. This study was conducted to characterization of serum Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity from different sheep breeds namely Karacabey Merino, Kivircik, Tahirova, Akkaraman and Daglic. KM and Vmax values of five different sheep breed were determined by Lineweaver-Burk method. The values of Vmax/KM showed that Kivircik breed has the greatest PON1 activity, on the other hand, Karacabey Merino breed showed the least activity toward paraoxon substrate. © Medwell Journals, 2011

Purification and characterization of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) from swiss black, holstein, and montofon bovines

WOS: 000340528300003PubMed: 24907040Paraoxonase 1 (PON1: EC 3.1.8.1) is a calcium-dependent enzyme associated with high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) and has a protective effect against oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) in mammals. PON1 is the best-studied member of a family of enzymes called serum paraoxonases, or PONs, identified in mammals and other vertebrates as well as in invertebrates. PONs exhibit a range of important activities, including drug metabolism and detoxification of organophosphates such as nerve agents. This study reports, for the first time, purification and biochemical characterization of serum PON1 from different bovine breeds namely Swiss Black, Holstein, and Montofon. Bovine serum PON1s were purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by Sepharose-4B-l-tyrosine-1-naphthylamine hydrophobic interaction chromatography. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified enzymes indicates a single band with an apparent MW of 43 kDa. The purified enzymes had a specific activity of 10.78, 27.00, and 22.38 U/mg for Swiss Black, Holstein, and Montofon bovines, respectively. The overall purification rates of our method were 262.47-, 2,476.90-, and 538.06-fold for Swiss Black, Holstein, and Montofon bovines, respectively. Furthermore, using phenyl acetate as a substrate, we determined the K (M) and V (max) values of the purified enzymes, as 0.80 mM, 1428.5 U/ml for Swiss Black; 0.40 mM, 714.3 U/ml for Holstein; and 0.50 mM, 1,111.1 U/ml for Montofon bovine. The present study has revealed that there is no substantial difference in PON1 activities among the studied bovine breeds

Tarımsal Üretimde Girdi Kullanımının Etkinliği: Türkiye’den Kanıtlar

The negative impacts of the increase in the demand for agricultural products and changes in the Earth’s ecological system due to climate change have triggered disequilibrium tendencies in the markets for agricultural products both in Turkey and the World. This development has made efficiency in agricultural production more important than ever. The aim of this study is to explore the factors effecting (in)efficiency of input use in agricultural production in Turkey. For this aim, we collected data on crop production by conducting interviews with about 2000 farmers in 17 different regions of Turkey on four different products (wheat, barley, rice, and sunflower). The results obtained by using “Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA)” show that fertilizers are used improperly in agricultural production in Turkey. The results also show that using certified seed increases efficiency of wheat and rice production while land analysis for fertilizer selection increases efficiency of wheat and sunflower production.JRC.J.4-Agriculture and Life Sciences in the Econom

Purification and Properties of Polyphenol Oxidase of Dried <i>Volvariella bombycina</i>

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was purified and characterized from a dried wild edible and medicinal mushroom (V. bombycina). Using Sepharose 4B-L-tyrosine-p-aminobenzoic acid affinity chromatography, PPO was purified from the dried V. bombycina. The purification was completed with a 33.85-fold purification. On sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), the purified enzyme migrated as a single band. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was estimated by SDS-PAGE to be about 25 kDa. Catechol, 4-methyl catechol, and pyrogallol were used as substrates to determine the enzyme activity and its kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax). At the optimum pH and temperature, dried V. bombycina PPO’s Km and Vmax values for catechol, 4-methyl catechol, and pyrogallol were found to be 1.67 mM–833.33 U/mL, 3.17 mM–158.73 U/mL, and 2.67 mM–3333.33 U/mL, respectively. Also investigated were the effects of pH and temperature on the enzymatic properties of PPO in dried V. bombycina. The optimum pH and temperature values for dried V. bombycina PPO obtained by using catechol, 4-methyl catechol, and pyrogallol as substrates were 6.5, 15 °C; 9.0, 20 °C; and 8.0, 15°C, respectively. This is the first study on the purification and characterization of PPO from dried V. bombycina

Evaluation of new chalcone derivatives as polyphenol oxidase inhibitors

Gencer, Nahit/0000-0001-7092-8857WOS: 000297150600048PubMed: 22055203A newly series of 4-(phenylurenyl) chalcone (4a-j) and 4'-(phenylurenyl/thiourenyl)chalcone (9a-l) derivatives were synthesized and their inhibitory effects on the diphenolase activity of banana tyrosinase were evaluated. Tyrosinase has been purified from banana on an affinity gel comprised of Sepharose 4B-L-tyrosine-p-aminobenzoic acid. The result showed that 4a-j inhibited the PPO enzyme activity. Conversely, 9a-h and 9i-l showed activator effect on tyrosinase enzyme activity. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

New coumarin derivatives as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

WOS: 000336498100006PubMed ID: 23656671In the current study, a series of 4-chloromethyl-7-hydroxy-coumarin derivatives containing imidazolium, benzimidazolium, bisbenzimidazolium and quaternary ammonium salts were synthesized, characterized and the inhibition effects of the derivatives on human carbonic anhydrases (hCA I and hCA II) were investigated as in vitro. Structures of these coumarins were confirmed by FT-IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and LC-MS analyses. Structure activity relationship study showed that 3d (IC50: 79 mu m M for hCA I and 88 m M for hCA II) performed higher inhibitory activity than others